{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,13]],"date-time":"2025-05-13T16:12:27Z","timestamp":1747152747747,"version":"3.40.5"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,25]],"date-time":"2020-06-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1593043200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Medicine &amp;amp; Sci"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Given the active research on targeted therapy using tyrosine kinase (TK) inhibitors (TKIs) in the field of oncology, further studies have recently been conducted to evaluate their use in autoimmune disorders. Based on immunological investigations, previous studies have suggested that granulomatous meningoencephalomyelitis (GME) and necrotizing encephalomyelitis (NE) are similar to multiple sclerosis (MS), which is a human autoimmune demyelinating central nervous system disease.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>Considering this perspective, we hypothesized that canine GME and NE have significant expression of one or more TKs, which are associated with human MS pathogenesis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>To determine the possible use of conventional multi\u2010targeted TKIs as a treatment for canine GME and NE, we characterized the immunohistochemical expression of platelet\u2010derived growth factor receptor (PDGFR)\u2010\u03b1, PDGFR\u2010\u00df, vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR)\u20102, c\u2010Abl and c\u2010Kit in GME and NE samples.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Histological samples from four dogs with GME and three with NE were retrieved. All samples stained positive for PDGFR\u2010\u00df (7\/7 [100%]). PDGFR\u2010\u03b1 and c\u2010Kit were expressed in 3\/7 (42.8%) samples each. c\u2010Abl was identified in 2\/7 (28.5%) samples; no sample showed VEGFR\u20102 (0%) expression. Co\u2010expression of TKs was identified in 6\/7 (85.7%) dogs.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>All samples were positive for at least one or more of PDGFR\u2010\u03b1, PDGFR\u2010\u00df, c\u2010Kit and c\u2010Abl, which are known as the target TKs of conventional multi\u2010targeted TKIs. Their presence does suggest that these TKs may play a role in the pathogenesis of GME and NE. Therefore, multi\u2010targeted TKIs may provide benefits in the treatment of canine GME and NE by suppressing the activity of these TKs.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/vms3.314","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,25]],"date-time":"2020-06-25T23:44:55Z","timestamp":1593128695000},"page":"965-974","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Expression of platelet\u2010derived growth factor receptor\u2010\u03b1\/\u00df, vascular endothelial growth factor receptor\u20102, c\u2010Abl, and c\u2010Kit in canine granulomatous meningoencephalitis and necrotizing encephalitis"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"6","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9961-6451","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joong\u2010Hyun","family":"Song","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Animal Medicine College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University Jinju 52828 Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7645-6926","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Do\u2010Hyeon","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Animal Medicine College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University Jinju 52828 Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tae\u2010Sung","family":"Hwang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Animal Medicine College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University Jinju 52828 Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Byung\u2010Joon","family":"Seung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathobiology Small Animal Tumor Diagnostic Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University Seoul 05029 Republic of 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