{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,20]],"date-time":"2026-03-20T12:13:38Z","timestamp":1774008818697,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,9]],"date-time":"2020-07-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1594252800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Medicine &amp; Sci"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Equines are subject to infection with many parasites, which threaten their health. In the present study, we systematically reviewed existing literature on the prevalence of endo\u2010 and ectoparasites of equines in Iran. Major electronic databases, including PubMed, PubMed Central, Google Scholar, Science Direct and Scientific Information Database (SID), were searched (Last updated 11\/05\/2018) for relevant literature of parasites that have been identified from equines in Iran. Of the 1809 titles produced by bibliographic search, 38 were included in the review. Twenty\u2010seven of the studies were on horses, six on donkeys, three on both horses and donkeys, and one study was on both horses and mules. Furthermore, 24 of the studies reported infections caused by protozoa, thirteen by helminths, two by ectoparasites, and one by both protozoa and helminths. The overall pooled prevalence of parasitic infection was 28.8% (95%CI: 22.9\u201335.7, <jats:italic>I<\/jats:italic><jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\u00a0=\u00a093.4%). Helminths were the most prevalent parasites 46.7% (95% CI: 24.1\u201370.7, <jats:italic>I<\/jats:italic><jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup><jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a0<\/jats:italic>96.0%). Furthermore, donkeys were the most affected equine, with a prevalence of 70.7% (95% CI: 53.2\u201383.7, <jats:italic>I<\/jats:italic><jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup><jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a0<\/jats:italic>92.5%). The protozoa frequently reported included nine species belonging to the genera: <jats:italic>Neospora<\/jats:italic>, Toxoplasma, <jats:italic>Theileria<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Babesia<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Eimeria<\/jats:italic>. Also, the helminths frequently reported included 21 species belonging to the genera: <jats:italic>Strongylus<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Dicrocoelium<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Oxyuris<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Habronema<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Echinococcus<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Dictyocaulus<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Cyathostomum<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Probstmayria<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Anoplocephala<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Setaria<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Fasciola<\/jats:italic>. Ticks were the only ectoparasites frequently reported. Parasitic fly species of the genera <jats:italic>Gasterophilus<\/jats:italic> were also reported. The study\u2010level risk of bias was likely to be high because of differences in study design. Parasitic infections of equines in Iran are frequent and caused by a diversity of parasites, which threatens the health and well\u2010being of these animals. Further research is needed in the area to identify the risk factors of infection for effective control of the parasites.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/vms3.321","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,9]],"date-time":"2020-07-09T14:34:27Z","timestamp":1594305267000},"page":"25-34","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Prevalence of endo\u2010 and ecto\u2010parasites of equines in Iran: A systematic review"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"7","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0678-2528","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Faham","family":"Khamesipour","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Cellular and Molecular Research Center Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences Sabzevar Iran"},{"name":"Department of Pathobiology School of Veterinary Medicine Shiraz University Shiraz Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9944-7421","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Taghi","family":"Taktaz\u2010Hafshejani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Shahrekord Branch Islamic Azad University Shahrekord Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5526-9179","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kwenti E.","family":"Tebit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Parasitology University of Buea Buea Cameroon"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3765-1563","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Seyed Mostafa","family":"Razavi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathobiology School of Veterinary Medicine Shiraz University Shiraz Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2553-4004","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Seyed Reza","family":"Hosseini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathobiology Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Shahrekord Branch Islamic Azad University Shahrekord Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,9]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","first-page":"202","article-title":"Molecular detection of equine piroplasms in donkeys (Equus asinus) in North Khorasan province, Iran","volume":"16","author":"Abedi V.","year":"2015","journal-title":"IJVR"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","first-page":"106","article-title":"Survey on fecal gastrointestinal parasitic helminthes in horses of Jokey clubs in Ardabil city, Iran","volume":"7","author":"Ali S.","year":"2015","journal-title":"BFAIJ"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470377000.ch4"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","first-page":"37","article-title":"Prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites in horses in the eastern province of Saudi Arabia","volume":"16","author":"Al\u2010Qudari A.","year":"2015","journal-title":"SJKFU"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1079\/9780851994215.0000"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","first-page":"103","article-title":"Equine theileriosis in two Arab mares in Ahvaz","volume":"9","author":"Arfaei A. 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