{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]],"date-time":"2026-07-23T18:12:58Z","timestamp":1784830378756,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,9]],"date-time":"2020-08-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1596931200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010000","name":"NSW Department of Primary Industries","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010000","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Medicine &amp; Sci"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    The carcass of a critically endangered, juvenile female grey nurse shark (\n                    <jats:italic>Carcharias taurus<\/jats:italic>\n                    , Rafinesque 1810) was recovered from a south\u2010eastern Australian beach and subjected to necropsy. The 1.98\u2010m\u2010long shark exhibited advanced cachexia with its total weight (19.0\u00a0kg) and liver weight (0.37\u00a0kg) reduced by 60% and 89%, respectively, compared with a healthy individual of the same length. Marked tissue decomposition was evident preventing histopathology and identification of a definitive cause of death. At necropsy, the abdominal organs were abnormally displaced and showed marked reductions in size compared with a healthy individual of the same size. Importantly, a hook\u2010shaped enterolith (HSE), with a rough surface and cream in colour, was found within the spiral valve of the intestine and is to the authors\u2019 knowledge, the first description of such in any marine animal. X\u2010ray diffractometry showed that the HSE comprised the minerals monohydrocalcite (Ca[CO\u2083].H\u2082O; ~70 wt%) and struvite (Mg [NH\n                    <jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\n                    ] [PO\n                    <jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\n                    ]. [H\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    O]\n                    <jats:sub>6<\/jats:sub>\n                    ; ~30 wt%). A CT scan showed concentric lamellate concretions around a 7\/o offset J\u2010hook that formed the nidus of the HSE. Nylon fishing line attached to the hook exited the HSE and was evident in the abdominal cavity through a perforation in the intestinal wall where the posterior intestinal artery merges. The most parsimonious reconstruction of events leading to enterolithiasis and secondary cachexia in this shark was the consumption of a hooked fish and subsequent hook migration causing perforations of the cardiac stomach wall followed by the thin, muscular wall of the apposed, sub\u2010adjacent intestine.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/vms3.333","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,9]],"date-time":"2020-08-09T23:24:39Z","timestamp":1597015479000},"page":"240-250","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Hook\u2010shaped enterolith and secondary cachexia in a free\u2010living grey nurse shark (\n                    <i>Carcharias taurus, Rafinesque 1810)<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"7","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5904-9461","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicholas M.","family":"Otway","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"NSW Department of Primary Industries Port Stephens Fisheries Institute Taylors Beach NSW Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7255-0736","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Greg J.","family":"West","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NSW Department of Primary Industries Port Stephens Fisheries Institute Taylors Beach NSW Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Damian B.","family":"Gore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences Macquarie University Sydney NSW Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jane E.","family":"Williamson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences and MQ Marine Macquarie University Sydney NSW Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2019.02.030"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbpa.2009.09.020"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbpa.2006.07.018"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1071\/MF08362"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1071\/MF09215"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","first-page":"6","article-title":"Sharks of the east coast of southern Africa. IV. The families, Odontaspididae, Scaponorhynichidae, Isuridae, Cetorhinidae, Alopiidae, Orectolobidae and Rhiniodontidae","volume":"39","author":"Bass S. J.","year":"1975","journal-title":"Oceanographic Research Institute Investigational Report"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","first-page":"79","article-title":"Clinical and structural features of equine enteroliths","volume":"179","author":"Blue M. G.","year":"1981","journal-title":"Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2761.2003.00435.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2761.2002.00396.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1577\/1548-8667(2001)013<0347:PAPAWG>2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jfd.12563"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/124.suppl_12.2643S"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-46.1.311"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3354\/meps188263"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_1","volume-title":"The conservation status of Australasian chondrichthyans.","author":"Cavanagh R. D.","year":"2003"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-11.3.357"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1274","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.1996.57.09.1274","article-title":"Ultrastructure of selected struvite\u2010containing urinary calculi from dogs","volume":"57","author":"Domingo\u2010Neumann R. A.","year":"1996","journal-title":"American Journal of Veterinary Research"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1071\/MF10138"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7589\/2017-12-302"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10641-006-9109-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2011.00838.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/j.2617-1619.2018.tb00006.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1468-6996\/12\/6\/064702"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2014.12.041"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_26_1","first-page":"201","article-title":"Reproduction and embryonic development of the sand tiger shark, Odontaspis taurus (Rafinesque)","volume":"81","author":"Gilmore R. G.","year":"1983","journal-title":"Fisheries Bulletin"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10641-006-9128-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0723-2020(85)80056-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/eve.12530"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rvsc.2008.03.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.234.2.214"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_32_1","first-page":"144","volume-title":"Sharks, skates and rays. The biology of elasmobranch fishes","author":"Holmgrem S.","year":"1999"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_33_1","first-page":"225","article-title":"Canine urolithiasis: A look at over 16000 urolith submissions to the Canadian veterinary urolith centre from February 1998 to April 2003","volume":"45","author":"Houston D. M.","year":"2004","journal-title":"Canadian Veterinary Journal"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.55.2.371"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fishres.2013.04.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1139\/f88-043"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_37_1","volume-title":"Sharks and rays of Australia","author":"Last P. R.","year":"2009"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-61736-2_12"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1638\/2009-0067.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11160-017-9481-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-1795.2009.00247.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_42_1","first-page":"609","volume-title":"Sensory Biology of Sharks and Rays","author":"Martini F. H.","year":"1978"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1007647924559"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1375370"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1071\/MF01083"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/vetreccr-2016-000357"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1098-2361(1997)16:5<427::AID-ZOO5>3.0.CO;2-C"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3354\/dao063013"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/vcp.12254"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocon.2003.11.017"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1071\/MF10139"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3354\/meps12850"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3354\/esr00520"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtemb.2017.09.019"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1006549926211"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2989\/18142320509504091"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1071\/MF9920325"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1071\/MF97135"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3354\/esr00652"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_60_1","volume-title":"Biometry","author":"Sokal R. R.","year":"1969"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1638\/2013-0259.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_62_1","first-page":"33","article-title":"Shark diagnostics and therapeutics: A short review","volume":"5","author":"Stoskopf M. K.","year":"1990","journal-title":"Journal of Aquariculture and Aquatic Sciences"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rsbl.2006.0441"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_64_1","volume-title":"Exploratory coeliotomy and removal of an enterolith from a sand tiger shark (Carcharias taurus)","author":"Thornton S. M.","year":"2012"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-43.4.737"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_66_1","first-page":"81","volume-title":"Reproductive biology and phylogeny of chondrichthyes: sharks, batoids, and chimaeras","author":"Walker T. I.","year":"2005"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-23.3.428"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.02736"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfms.2006.03.004"}],"container-title":["Veterinary Medicine and Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/vms3.333","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/vms3.333","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/vms3.333","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,11]],"date-time":"2024-08-11T10:54:04Z","timestamp":1723373644000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/vms3.333"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,9]]},"references-count":68,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/vms3.333"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/vms3.333","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{"has-review":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1002\/VMS3.333\/v2\/review1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1002\/VMS3.333\/v2\/response1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1002\/VMS3.333\/v1\/decision1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1002\/VMS3.333\/v1\/review2","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1002\/VMS3.333\/v1\/review1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1002\/VMS3.333\/v2\/decision1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["2053-1095","2053-1095"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2053-1095","type":"print"},{"value":"2053-1095","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2019-10-28","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2020-07-13","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2020-08-09","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}