{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,12]],"date-time":"2026-06-12T04:59:52Z","timestamp":1781240392472,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,15]],"date-time":"2020-10-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1602720000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Medicine &amp;amp; Sci"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    The pharmacokinetics of gamithromycin were evaluated in 26 male castrated and female crossbred swine administered gamithromycin 15% w\/v (Zactran\u00ae, Boehringer Ingelheim) intravenously at 6\u00a0mg\/kg bodyweight or intramuscularly at 3, 6 or 12\u00a0mg\/kg bodyweight. Blood samples were collected up to Day 10 to establish the plasma profile of gamithromycin, bioavailability and dose proportionality. When administered by intramuscular injection at 6\u00a0mg\/kg BWT, pharmacokinetic parameters were as follows: area under the curve until last quantifiable plasma concentration, 5.13\u00a0\u00b1\u00a00.957\u00a0\u00b5g*hours\/ml; maximum plasma concentration, 960\u00a0\u00b1\u00a0153\u00a0ng\/ml at 5 to 15\u00a0min; terminal half\u2010life of 94.1\u00a0\u00b1\u00a020.4\u00a0hr. Absolute bioavailability was 92.2%. Increase in systemic exposure was proportional to the gamithromycin dose level over the range 3\u201312\u00a0mg\/kg BWT. No gender\u2010related statistically significant difference in exposure was observed. For clinical evaluation of Zactran\u00ae against swine respiratory disease, 305 pigs from six commercial farms in three countries in Europe with signs associated with\n                    <jats:italic>Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\/or\n                    <jats:italic>Haemophilus parasuis<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\/or\n                    <jats:italic>Pasteurella multocida<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\/or\n                    <jats:italic>Bordetella bronchiseptica<\/jats:italic>\n                    were used. At each site, animals were treated once in a 1:1 ratio with a single intramuscular dose of Zactran\u00ae (6\u00a0mg gamithromycin\/kg bodyweight) or Zuprevo\u00ae (4% w\/v tildipirosin at 4\u00a0mg\/kg bodyweight; MSD Animal Health) at the recommended dose respectively. Animals were observed and scored daily for 10 consecutive days for signs of swine respiratory disease (depression, respiration and rectal temperature), and animals presenting signs of clinical swine respiratory disease (Depression Score 3 and\/or Respiratory Score 3 associated with Rectal Temperature\u00a0&gt;\u00a040.0\u00b0C) were removed from the study and considered as treatment failure. Animals which remained in the study were individually assessed for \u02bdtreatment success\u02bc or \u02bdtreatment failure\u02bc (Depression Score\u00a0\u2265\u00a01 and Rectal Temperature\u00a0&gt;\u00a040.0\u00b0C or Respiratory Score\u00a0\u2265\u00a01 and Rectal Temperature\u00a0&gt;\u00a040.0\u00b0C). Using a non\u2010inferiority hypothesis test (non\u2010inferiority margin\u00a0=\u00a00.10), the proportion of treatment successes in the Zactran\u00ae group (97%) was equivalent to or better than that in the Zuprevo\u00ae group (93%).\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/vms3.375","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,15]],"date-time":"2020-10-15T07:21:00Z","timestamp":1602746460000},"page":"455-464","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Gamithromycin in swine: Pharmacokinetics and clinical evaluation against swine respiratory disease"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"7","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6594-6743","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dietmar","family":"Hamel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Boehringer Ingelheim Vetmedica GmbH Rohrdorf Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexandra","family":"Richard\u2010Mazet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Boehringer Ingelheim Animal Health France Lyon France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Florian","family":"Voisin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hyovet Plestan France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Inge","family":"B\u00f6hne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tierartzpraxis B\u00f6hne Melle\u2010Wellingholzhausen Germany"},{"name":"Boehringer Ingelheim Animal Health USA, Inc. North Brunswick NJ USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Florence","family":"Fraisse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Boehringer Ingelheim Animal Health France Lyon France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Renate","family":"Rauh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Boehringer Ingelheim Vetmedica GmbH Rohrdorf Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rose","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tierartzpraxis B\u00f6hne Melle\u2010Wellingholzhausen Germany"},{"name":"Boehringer Ingelheim Animal Health USA, Inc. North Brunswick NJ USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Kellermann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Boehringer Ingelheim Vetmedica GmbH Rohrdorf Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Letendre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tierartzpraxis B\u00f6hne Melle\u2010Wellingholzhausen Germany"},{"name":"Boehringer Ingelheim Animal Health USA, Inc. North Brunswick NJ USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pascal","family":"Dumont","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Boehringer Ingelheim Animal Health France Lyon France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steffen","family":"Rehbein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Boehringer Ingelheim Vetmedica GmbH Rohrdorf Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.c6776"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2885.2011.01292.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jvp.12402"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","first-page":"475","volume-title":"Antimicrobial Agents","author":"Bryskier A.","year":"1999"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jvp.12267"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","unstructured":"EMA. (2018a).The European Agency for the Evaluation of Medicinal Products. Zactran: EPAR \u2013 Product Information. Retrieved fromhttps:\/\/www.ema.europa.eu\/en\/documents\/product\u2010information\/zactran\u2010epar\u2010product\u2010information_en.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","unstructured":"EMA. (2018b).The European Agency for the Evaluation of Medicinal Products. Zuprevo: EPAR \u2013 Product Information. Retrieved fromhttps:\/\/www.ema.europa.eu\/en\/documents\/product\u2010information\/zuprevo\u2010epar\u2010product\u2010information_en.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.12211"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.72.3.326"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1111\/jvp.12834","article-title":"Bordetella bronchiseptica experimental model development in pigs and efficacy evaluation of a single intramuscular injection of gamithromycin (Zactran \u00ae for Swine) against Bordetella bronchiseptica\u2010associated respiratory disease in experimentally infected piglets","volume":"43","author":"Gupta A.","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2885.2009.01125.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/1381612043383322"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rvsc.2014.08.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2018-15809"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-0348-8105-0_3"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/16.suppl_A.23"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","first-page":"203","article-title":"Evaluation of the therapeutic activity of tulathromycin against swine respiratory disease on farms in Europe","volume":"6","author":"Nanjiani I. 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