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Several methods have been developed over the years, but most of them were abandoned due to their limited efficacy. Currently, the only commercially available method for the separation of X\u2010 and Y\u2010chromosome\u2010bearing sperm is fluorescence\u2010activated cell sorting. However, this technique is expensive and has limited usefulness for the industry, considering that it cannot produce doses of sexed semen with the desired number of sperm for artificial insemination. Immunological methods have emerged as an attractive alternative to flow cytometry and proteomic knowledge of X\u2010 and Y\u2010sperm could be useful to the development of a new method. In this review, we identify the main applications of sexed semen, describe the existing methods and highlight future research opportunities in the field. We consider that immunological methods, based on sperm cell's surface proteins differentially expressed between X\u2010 and Y\u2010sperm, could be an interesting and promising approach to semen sexing.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/vms3.540","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,26]],"date-time":"2021-05-26T08:16:19Z","timestamp":1622016979000},"page":"1633-1641","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":42,"title":["Bovine semen sexing: Sperm membrane proteomics as candidates for immunological selection of X\u2010 and Y\u2010chromosome\u2010bearing sperm"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Joana","family":"Quelhas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Bovine Semen Collection and Storage Centre of Lusogenes Aveiro Portugal"},{"name":"Laboratory of Signal Transduction Department of Medical Sciences Institute of Biomedicine \u2013 iBiMED University of Aveiro Aveiro Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Veterinary Clinics Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar\u2010University of Porto Porto Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joana","family":"Santiago","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Signal Transduction Department of Medical Sciences Institute of Biomedicine \u2013 iBiMED University of Aveiro Aveiro Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"B\u00e1rbara","family":"Matos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Signal Transduction Department of Medical Sciences Institute of Biomedicine \u2013 iBiMED University of Aveiro Aveiro Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ant\u00f3nio","family":"Rocha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Imuno\u2010Physiology and Pharmacology Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar\u2010 University of Porto Porto Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gra\u00e7a","family":"Lopes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Clinics Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar\u2010University of Porto Porto Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7459-9173","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Margarida","family":"Fardilha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Signal Transduction Department of Medical Sciences Institute of Biomedicine \u2013 iBiMED University of Aveiro Aveiro Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2105-15-293"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2018.11.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(89)79500-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","first-page":"297","article-title":"Bovine sexed semen production and utilization","volume":"11","author":"Brito L.","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clinical Theriogenology"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jprot.2012.07.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2018.11.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/molehr\/3.1.61"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/C3MB70306A"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1530\/REP-11-0228"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/246421a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2005.09.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-62703-038-0_26"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","first-page":"10","volume-title":"Topics in Bull Fertility","author":"Garner D. 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