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However, information on\n                      <jats:italic>Brucella<\/jats:italic>\n                      detection and prevalence in milk produced in Rwanda is limited.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      To determine the sero\u2010prevalence and risk factors of\n                      <jats:italic>Brucella<\/jats:italic>\n                      in farm bulk milk from zero and open grazing cattle production systems in Rwanda.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A total of 330 farm bulk milk samples were collected from 198 zero grazing farms and 132 open grazing farms in a cross\u2010sectional study in Rwanda. Sero\u2010prevalence of\n                      <jats:italic>Brucella<\/jats:italic>\n                      in milk was analysed using indirect enzyme\u2010linked immunosorbent assay. A questionnaire was administered to farmers to determine the risk factors of milk contamination with\n                      <jats:italic>Brucella<\/jats:italic>\n                      .\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Anti\u2010\n                      <jats:italic>Brucella<\/jats:italic>\n                      antibodies were prevalent in 19.7% (95% confidence interval (CI), 15.5\u201324.4) of the 330 collected farm bulk milk. Sero\u2010prevalence was significantly higher (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0&lt;\u00a00.05) in open grazing farms (37.9% [50\/132]) than in zero grazing farms (7.6% [15\/198]). Practising open grazing system (odds ratio, OR\u00a0=\u00a069.5; 95% CI\u00a0=\u00a01.6\u20133033.6), history of abortion (OR\u00a0=\u00a019.5; 95% CI\u00a0=\u00a08.1\u201346.8) and placenta retention (OR\u00a0=\u00a04.2; 95% CI\u00a0=\u00a01.7\u201310.3) were the significant risk factors for the presence of anti\u2010\n                      <jats:italic>Brucella<\/jats:italic>\n                      antibodies in milk.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Notably, more than a third of farm bulk milk from open grazing farms in Rwanda contains\n                      <jats:italic>Brucella<\/jats:italic>\n                      antibodies. Considering the zoonotic nature of\n                      <jats:italic>Brucella<\/jats:italic>\n                      , there is a need to reinforce brucellosis control programs in the country.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/vms3.562","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,8]],"date-time":"2021-07-08T12:03:21Z","timestamp":1625745801000},"page":"1656-1670","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Sero\u2010prevalence and risk factors of\n                    <i>Brucella<\/i>\n                    presence in farm bulk milk from open and zero grazing cattle production systems in Rwanda"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"7","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6872-9151","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juvenal","family":"Djangwani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Agriculture and Veterinary Sciences Department Food Science Nutrition and Technology University of Nairobi  Kangemi Nairobi Kenya"},{"name":"College of Agriculture, Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, School of Agriculture and Food Sciences University of Rwanda  Musanze Rwanda"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2524-7862","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"George Ooko","family":"Abong\u2019","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Agriculture and Veterinary Sciences Department Food Science Nutrition and Technology University of Nairobi  Kangemi Nairobi Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7206-4017","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lucy Gicuku","family":"Njue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Agriculture and Veterinary Sciences Department Food Science Nutrition and Technology University of Nairobi  Kangemi Nairobi Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1561-2408","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dasel Wambua Mulwa","family":"Kaindi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Agriculture and Veterinary Sciences Department Food Science Nutrition and Technology University of Nairobi  Kangemi Nairobi Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/S1135-57272005000300012"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4142\/jvs.2009.10.1.61"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2015.10.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.20506\/rst.32.1.2187"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.07.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4172\/2157-7579.1000323"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40064-016-2547-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/3468596"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","first-page":"65","article-title":"Seroepidemiological investigation of bovine brucellosis in the extensive cattle production system of Tigray region of Ethiopia","volume":"5","author":"Berhe G.","year":"2007","journal-title":"International Journal of Applied Research in Veterinary Medicine"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0083175"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-019-1825-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","unstructured":"Chatikoba P. 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