{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T15:46:22Z","timestamp":1787240782854,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,6]],"date-time":"2021-08-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1628208000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Medicine & Sci"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,11]]},"abstract":"Abstract<\/jats:title>\n \n Background<\/jats:title>\n Scorpion stings comprise a serious problem throughout the globe, especially in regions where they are more frequent. Despite a recent upsurge of interest in scorpion venoms by various research groups, there remain many challenges.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Objective<\/jats:title>\n \n Therefore, in this study, we aimed to study the toxicity and protein composition of venoms of\n Hottentotta saulcyi<\/jats:italic>\n ,\n Hottentotta schach<\/jats:italic>\n and\n Androctonus crassicauda<\/jats:italic>\n , three scorpion species collected in Iran.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Materials and Methods<\/jats:title>\n \n Scorpion species were collected from Esfahan farm scorpion company and maintained in the laboratory in containers that mimic their natural habitat. Venom was extracted from\n A. crassicauda<\/jats:italic>\n ,\n H. schach<\/jats:italic>\n and\n H. saulcyi<\/jats:italic>\n by electrical stimulation of 8 and 10\u00a0V. The toxicity of each venom was established by using four groups of male Swiss albino mice aged 2 months (weighting 18\u201320\u00a0g) for testing each dose of venom. One group was used as a control. Venom was injected into mice by subcutaneous route. Then, animals were monitored for 24\u00a0h and LD\n 50<\/jats:sub>\n was estimated by the graphic method of Miller and Tainter. Thus, high\u2010performance liquid chromatography\u2013tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC\u2013MS\/MS) method was used to determine amino acids in the venom, and protein concentrations were determined by the Biuret method.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n LD\n 50<\/jats:sub>\n of scorpion venoms by subcutaneous route was found to be 1.70\u00a0mg\/kg b.w (\n A. crassicauda<\/jats:italic>\n ), 1.47\u00a0mg\/kg b.w (\n H. saulcyi<\/jats:italic>\n ) and 0.85\u00a0mg\/kg b.w (\n H. schach<\/jats:italic>\n ).\n A. crassicauda<\/jats:italic>\n ,\n H. saulcyi<\/jats:italic>\n and\n H. schach<\/jats:italic>\n contain 26, 30, and 31 amino acids, respectively.\n A. crassicauda<\/jats:italic>\n contains low concentrations of alpha\u2010aminoadipic acid, beta\u2010aminoisobutyric acid, beta\u2010alanine and citrulline\n . H. saulcyi<\/jats:italic>\n contains a concentration of hydroxylysine, whereas\n H. schach<\/jats:italic>\n has no such concentration.\n A. crassicauda<\/jats:italic>\n also had the highest levels of tyrosine and threonine. Only\n A. crassicauda<\/jats:italic>\n venom contains a low proportion of proteins (14.80%) compared with those of\n H. schach<\/jats:italic>\n (16.26%) and\n H. saulcyi<\/jats:italic>\n (16.20%). Albumin content in the venoms was 11.7% (\n H. saulcyi<\/jats:italic>\n ), 5.4% (\n H. schach<\/jats:italic>\n ) and 4.4% (\n A. crassicauda<\/jats:italic>\n ).\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n Scorpions venoms have a variable toxicity and an interesting composition in amino acids and proteins. Work on the development of anti\u2010venom is fundamental.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/vms3.593","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,6]],"date-time":"2021-08-06T14:29:32Z","timestamp":1628260172000},"page":"2418-2426","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Toxicity and protein composition of venoms of\n Hottentotta saulcyi<\/i>\n ,\n Hottentotta schach<\/i>\n and\n Androctonus crassicauda<\/i>\n , three scorpion species collected in Iran"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"7","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1341-7812","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ani","family":"Boghozian","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry Payame Noor University Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Habibollah","family":"Nazem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry Payame Noor University Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammad","family":"Fazilati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry Payame Noor University Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seyed Hossein","family":"Hejazi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Parasitology and Mycology School of Medicine Isfahan University of Medical Sciences Isfahan Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammadreza","family":"Sheikh Sajjadieh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ph.D. Clinical Immunology, Nobel Medical Laboratory Isfahan Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.peptides.2013.10.021"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Altinkurt O. &Altan M.(1980).Urfa Y\u00f6resi Akrep (Androctonus crassicauda) Zehirinin Deney Hayvanlar\u0131ndaki Farmakolojik Etkileri \u0130le Bu Etkilerden Bir \u00c7o\u011funa Streptomisin\u2019in Antagonistik Cevaplar\u0131\u202f: Pharmacological Effects of the S. 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