{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T11:16:27Z","timestamp":1788520587207,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,8]],"date-time":"2021-12-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1638921600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Medicine &amp; Sci"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Avian influenza virus (AIV) subtype H9N2 is a low pathogenic avian influenza virus (LPAIV).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study aims to evaluate the humoral and cellular immunity in vaccinated mice and broiler chicken by irradiated AIV antigen plus carboxymethyl chitosan bounded iron oxide nanoparticles (CMC\u2010IO NPs) as an adjuvant.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      AIV subtype H9N2 with 10\n                      <jats:sup>8.5<\/jats:sup>\n                      EID\n                      <jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>\n                      \/ml and haemagglutinin antigen assay about 10 log\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      was irradiated by 30 kGy gamma radiation dose. Then, the gamma\u2010irradiated AIV was used as an inactivated vaccine and conjugated with CMC\u2010IO NPs to improve immune responses on mice. IO NPs must be applied in all activated tests using 1\u2010ethyl\u20103\u2010(3\u2010dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide (EDC) and N\u2010hydroxysulfosuccinimide sodium salt (sulfo\u2010NHS), and then functionalized by CMC as IO\u2010CMC. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra on functionalized IO\u2010CMC showed a peak of 638\u00a0cm\n                      <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                      which is a band between metal and O (Fe\u2010O).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Based on the comparison between the two X\u2010ray diffraction (XRD) patterns on Fe\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      O\n                      <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                      \u2010NPs and IO\u2010CMC, the characteristics of IO\u2010NPs did not change after carboxymethylation. A CHN Analyzer was applied to measure the molecular weight of IO\u2010CMC that was calculated as 1045\u00a0g. IO\u2010CMC, irradiated AIV\u2010IO\u2010CMC and formalin AIV\u2010IO\u2010CMC were injected into 42 BALB\/c mice in six groups. The fourth group was the negative control, and the fifth and sixth groups were inoculated by irradiated AIV\u2010ISA70 and formalin AIV\u2010ISA70 vaccines. An increase in haemagglutination inhibition (HI) antibody titration was observed in the irradiated AIV\u2010IO\u2010CMC and formalin AIV\u2010IO\u2010CMC groups (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0&lt;\u00a00.05). In addition, increases in the lymphoproliferative activity of re\u2010stimulated splenic lymphocytes, interfron\u2010\u03b3 (IFN\u2010\u03b3) and interleukin\u20102 (IL\u20102) concentration in the irradiated AIV\u2010IO\u2010CMC group demonstrated the activation of Type 1 helper cells. The concentration of IL\u20104 was without any significant increases in non\u2010group.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Accordingly, Th2 activation represented no increase. Finally, the finding showed that AIV\u2010IO\u2010CMC was effective on enhancing immunogenicity as irradiated AIV antigen administered with a clinically acceptable adjuvant (i.e. IO\u2010CMC).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/vms3.680","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,8]],"date-time":"2021-12-08T05:50:55Z","timestamp":1638942655000},"page":"626-634","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Carboxymethyl chitosan bounded iron oxide nanoparticles and gamma\u2010irradiated avian influenza subtype H9N2 vaccine to development of immunity on mouse and chicken"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"8","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3388-9670","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Farahnaz","family":"Motamedi\u2010sedeh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary and Animal Science Nuclear Agriculture Research School Nuclear Science and Technology Research Institute  Karaj Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Atefeh","family":"Saboorizadeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology Science Faculty Islamic Azad University  Karaj Branch Karaj Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Iraj","family":"Khalili","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization  Karaj Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Massomeh","family":"Sharbatdaran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Physics and accelerator Research School Nuclear Science and Technology Research Institute  Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5787-8792","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Viskam","family":"Wijewardana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications Animal Production and Health Section, International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), Vienna International Centre (VIC)  Vienna Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arash","family":"Arbabi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faulty of Medical Science, Tehran University of Medical Science  Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/S0104-14282005000200004"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0005336"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/icb.2009.81"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.rmr.0000130602.65243.87"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","first-page":"55","article-title":"Synthesis and characterization of Fe3O4 magnetic nanoparticles coated with carboxymethyl chitosan grafted sodium methacrylate","volume":"4","author":"Asgari S.","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Nanostructure"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","article-title":"Genome\u2010wide prediction of microRNAs in Zika virus genomes reveals possible interactions with human genes involved in the nervous system development","author":"Cristina J.","year":"2016","journal-title":"bioRxiv"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","first-page":"172","article-title":"Sterilization by gamma irradiation","volume":"9","author":"da Silva Aquino K. 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