{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T22:46:39Z","timestamp":1785365199132,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,17]],"date-time":"2021-12-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1639699200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100001399","name":"World Wildlife Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100001399","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Medicine &amp; Sci"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The Asiatic wild water buffalo (\n                      <jats:italic>Bubalus arnee)<\/jats:italic>\n                      is an endangered species that is conserved in the Koshi Tappu Wildlife Reserve (KTWR), Nepal, and was recently translocated to the Chitwan National Park (CNP). Gastrointestinal (GI) parasites are the cause of significant negative health and production impacts on animals worldwide.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A coprological survey of GI parasites of wild water buffalo was carried out in the CNP in 2020. Fresh dung samples (n\u00a0=\u00a025) were collected from wild water buffaloes and analysed using sedimentation and flotation techniques for morphological identification of parasite cysts, oocysts and eggs.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Nine different GI parasites were recorded of which\n                      <jats:italic>Entamoeba<\/jats:italic>\n                      spp. (20 samples, 80%) were the most common. The presence of\n                      <jats:italic>Entamoeba<\/jats:italic>\n                      spp. was further validated using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis and DNA sequencing. The PCR results were positive for all of the microscopically positive samples, and the species was identified as\n                      <jats:italic>Entamoeba bovis<\/jats:italic>\n                      . Three samples were sequenced and formed a cluster of\n                      <jats:italic>E. bovis<\/jats:italic>\n                      , which was separated from other\n                      <jats:italic>Entamoeba<\/jats:italic>\n                      spp. in phylogenetic analysis.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      This is the first report for molecular detection of\n                      <jats:italic>E. bovis<\/jats:italic>\n                      from wild water buffaloes in Nepal. Future work should focus on the prevalence of such infections in water buffaloes in forest environments.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/vms3.697","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,17]],"date-time":"2021-12-17T08:39:29Z","timestamp":1639730369000},"page":"799-807","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["First report on the molecular detection of\n                    <i>Entamoeba bovis<\/i>\n                    from the endangered wild water buffalo (\n                    <i>Bubalus arnee<\/i>\n                    ) in Nepal"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Menuka","family":"Aryal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Central Department of Biotechnology Tribhuvan University  Kathmandu Nepal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5876-667X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roshan Babu","family":"Adhikari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Third Pole Conservancy  Bhaktapur Nepal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8120-3624","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Prakriti","family":"Kandel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kathmandu University  Dhulikhel Nepal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9952-1786","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tirth Raj","family":"Ghimire","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Zoology, Tri\u2010Chandra Multiple Campus Tribhuvan University  Kathmandu Nepal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Deegendra","family":"Khadka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nepal Academy of Science and Technology  Lalitpur Nepal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jyoti","family":"Maharjan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nepal Academy of Science and Technology  Lalitpur Nepal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3497-7034","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kamal Prasad","family":"Gaire","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kathmandu  Nepal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saurav","family":"Shrestha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sustainable Development Initiative Centre  Kathmandu Nepal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Krishna Das","family":"Manandhar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Central Department of Biotechnology Tribhuvan University  Kathmandu Nepal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ram Chandra","family":"Kandel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of National Parks and Wildlife Conservation Ministry of Forests and Environment  Kathmandu Nepal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ram Chandra","family":"Poudel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nepal Academy of Science and Technology  Lalitpur Nepal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0619-9108","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kishor","family":"Pandey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Central Department of Zoology Tribhuvan University  Kirtipur Nepal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_13_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18805\/ag.d\u20105172"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/8880033"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2017.01.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_5_1","first-page":"261","article-title":"Call to conserve the wild water buffalo (Bubalus arnee) in Nepal","volume":"2","author":"Aryal A.","year":"2011","journal-title":"International Journal of Conservation Science"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bhuju U. Shakya P. R. Basnet T. B. &Shrestha S.(2007).Nepal biodiversity resource book (protected areas Ramsar sites and World Heritage sites). ICIMOD.","DOI":"10.53055\/ICIMOD.475"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3126\/jiaas.v35i1.22549"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_8_1","unstructured":"Chalise P.(2014). Comparative study ofCryptosporidiuminfestation in wild water buffaloes (Bubalus Arnee) and domestic buffaloes (Bubalus Bubalis) of Koshi Tappu Wildlife Reserve. GRIN Verlag GmbH."},{"key":"e_1_2_13_9_1","unstructured":"CNP.(2021). Chitwan National Park.Government of Nepal Ministry of Forests and Environment Department of National Parks and Wildlife Conservation [Online].http:\/\/www.dnpwc.gov.np\/en\/conservation\u2010area\u2010detail\/78\/"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1645\/GE\u20101355.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_11_1","unstructured":"DNPWC.(2020).Wild Water Buffalo (Bubalus arnee) Conservation Action Plan for Nepal (2020\u20102024) Department of National Parks and Wildlife Conservation.Babarmahal Kathmandu Nepal."},{"key":"e_1_2_13_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436\u2010018\u20105935\u20102"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0301\u20106226(76)90038\u20105"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_14_1","unstructured":"GoN.(1973).National Parks and Wildlife Conservation Act. Government of Nepal Nepallaw commission Nepal [Online]."},{"key":"e_1_2_13_15_1","unstructured":"Gupta S.(2017). Prevalence of intestinal parasites in wild buffalo (Bubalus arnee Kerr 1792) of Koshi Tappu Wildlife Reserve Nepal."},{"key":"e_1_2_13_16_1","unstructured":"Hall T. A.(1999). 1999 Hall \u2010 BioEdit.pdf.Nucleic Acids Symposium Series."},{"key":"e_1_2_13_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006\u20103207(93)90193\u20105"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_18_1","first-page":"638","article-title":"Metastrongylosis as an agent in the population decrease of wild boars","volume":"57","author":"Houszka M.","year":"2001","journal-title":"Medycyna Weterynaryjna"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jeu.12249"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.11609\/jott.4940.11.15.14942\u201014954"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vprsr.2019.100348"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_22_1","unstructured":"Kaul R. Williams A. C. Rithe K. Steinmetz R. &Mishra R.(2019).Bubalus arnee. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2019: e.T3129A46364616"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.11609\/jott.o2990.3294\u2010301"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14737\/journal.aavs\/2014\/2.3.124.138"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msw054"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436\u2010017\u20105689\u20102"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1756\u20103305\u20105\u2010187"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071\u2010017\u20102283\u20105"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9781444355833.ch3"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1756\u20103305\u20104\u201067"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11686\u2010020\u201000258\u20103"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_32_1","unstructured":"Seidensticker L.(1975). Ungulate populations in Chitwan Valley Nepal. Office of Zoological Research National Zoological Park.Smithson Institution Washington DC."},{"key":"e_1_2_13_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.11609\/jott.5160.12.15.17093\u201017104"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_34_1","unstructured":"Shah R. Tripathi S. Bhatta B.(2017).Translocation Of Wild Asian Buffalo (Bubalis arnee): A way forward for conservation in Nepal. InInternational Buffalo Symposium Agriculture and Forestry University Rampur Chitwan Nepal. November 15\u201318."},{"key":"e_1_2_13_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071\u2010018\u20103105\u20100"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2009\/547090"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_37_1","volume-title":"Helminths, arthropods and protozoa of domesticated animals","author":"Soulsby E. J. L.","year":"2012"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2010.03.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.protis.2010.11.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parint.2013.01.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molbiopara.2007.02.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gecco.2020.e01172"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/25.24.4876"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/22.22.4673"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/8826327"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_46_1","volume-title":"Veterinary clinical parasitology","author":"Zajac A. M.","year":"2013"}],"container-title":["Veterinary Medicine and Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/vms3.697","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/vms3.697","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/vms3.697","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,25]],"date-time":"2023-08-25T10:12:45Z","timestamp":1692958365000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/vms3.697"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,17]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,3]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/vms3.697"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/vms3.697","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{"has-review":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1002\/VMS3.697\/v2\/review1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1002\/VMS3.697\/v3\/decision1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1002\/VMS3.697\/v3\/review1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1002\/VMS3.697\/v2\/decision1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1002\/VMS3.697\/v1\/review1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1002\/VMS3.697\/v2\/response1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1002\/VMS3.697\/v1\/decision1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["2053-1095","2053-1095"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2053-1095","type":"print"},{"value":"2053-1095","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,17]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2021-12-17","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}