{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T14:08:00Z","timestamp":1787580480035,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,18]],"date-time":"2024-09-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1726617600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Medicine &amp;amp; Sci"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The emergence and dissemination of multidrug resistant (MDR) bacteria pose a severe threat to public health by limiting clinical treatment and prophylactic options.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      This study investigates the prevalence of\n                      <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>\n                      in broilers, their phenotypic antimicrobial resistance (AMR) profiles and the presence of virulence\u2010associated genes (VAGs) and antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs) using polymerase chain reaction (PCR).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Materials and methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A total of 216 pooled cloacal samples were collected from 1080 broilers across six districts of Bangladesh. Each pooled sample comprised randomly selected cloacal swabs from five birds per farm.\n                      <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                      isolates were identified using standard bacteriological approach, followed by biochemical assays and PCR. Antimicrobial susceptibility was assessed using the Kirby\u2013Bauer disc diffusion method, and the presence of ARGs and VAGs was determined via PCR. Five selected isolates were partially sequenced for five VAGs using Sanger sequencing.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A total of 177\n                      <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                      isolates (81.94%, 95% confidence interval: 76.24%\u201386.53%) were identified. The isolates showed the highest resistance to ampicillin (93.79%), followed by tetracycline (91.53%), erythromycin (89.27%) and ciprofloxacin (87%). Conversely, ceftriaxone (80.79%) showed highest susceptibility, followed by gentamicin (37.29%) and neomycin (31.07%). All isolates were MDR, with a multiple antibiotic resistance indexes were &lt;0.3. A significant percentage (16.38%) of\n                      <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                      isolates were MDR to five antimicrobial classes and harboured\n                      <jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sub>TEM<\/jats:sub>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>sul<\/jats:italic>\n                      1,\n                      <jats:italic>ere<\/jats:italic>\n                      (A),\n                      <jats:italic>tet<\/jats:italic>\n                      A,\n                      <jats:italic>tet<\/jats:italic>\n                      B and\n                      <jats:italic>tet<\/jats:italic>\n                      C genes. The highest prevalent ARGs were\n                      <jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sub>TEM<\/jats:sub>\n                      (88.14%) followed by\n                      <jats:italic>ere<\/jats:italic>\n                      (A) (83.62%) and\n                      <jats:italic>sul<\/jats:italic>\n                      1 (72.32%). The prevalence of VAGs was\n                      <jats:italic>ast<\/jats:italic>\n                      A (56.50%),\n                      <jats:italic>iuc<\/jats:italic>\n                      D (31.07%),\n                      <jats:italic>iss<\/jats:italic>\n                      (21.47%),\n                      <jats:italic>irp<\/jats:italic>\n                      2 (15.82%) and\n                      <jats:italic>cva\/cvi<\/jats:italic>\n                      (3.39%), respectively.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      This study highlights the presence of ARGs contributing to the development of MDR in\n                      <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                      carrying VAGs in broilers. Effective monitoring and surveillance of antimicrobial usage in poultry production systems are urgently required to prevent emergence and dissemination of AMR.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/vms3.70032","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,19]],"date-time":"2024-09-19T00:14:05Z","timestamp":1726704845000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Detection and characterization of multidrug resistant\n                    <i>Escherichia coli<\/i>\n                    carrying virulence gene isolated from broilers in Bangladesh"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0525-8401","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Md. Sirazul","family":"Islam","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology and Parasitology Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University Chattogram Bangladesh"},{"name":"Melbourne Veterinary School Faculty of Science University of Melbourne Parkville Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2040-0266","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chandan","family":"Nath","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Veterinary Public Health Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University Chattogram Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6662-7725","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"F. M. Yasir","family":"Hasib","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology and Parasitology Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University Chattogram Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9644-6426","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tahia Ahmed","family":"Logno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Veterinary Public Health Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University Chattogram Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6140-7937","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Md. Helal","family":"Uddin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine and Surgery Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University Chattogram Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6495-4637","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammad Mahmudul","family":"Hassan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Queensland Alliance for One Health Sciences School of Veterinary Science The University of Queensland Gatton Queensland Australia"},{"name":"Department of Physiology Biochemistry and Pharmacology Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University Chattogram Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8031-5998","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sharmin","family":"Chowdhury","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology and Parasitology Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University Chattogram Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598\u2010020\u201075608\u20102"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens8030118"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11259\u2010023\u201010082\u20105"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2019.103574"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13568\u2010022\u201001371\u20104"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13568\u2010023\u201001615\u2010x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens11111262"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14202\/vetworld.2018.1082\u20101088"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcp\/45.4_ts.493"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","volume-title":"Performance standards for antimicrobial susceptibility testing","author":"Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute","year":"2020"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/mdr.2020.0433"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579\u2010022\u201000820\u2010y"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3382\/ps\/pev256"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","volume-title":"Annual report on livestock economy 2019\u20132020","author":"Department of Livestock Services (DLS)","year":"2020"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/mdr.2019.0304"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253\u2010021\u201011740\u2010x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13568\u2010022\u201001390\u20101"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmm.2007.01.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/03079450500179046"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.micro.54.1.641"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/597292"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1637\/9686\u2010021411\u2010reg.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2024.1340548"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dki190"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics10070784"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3329\/bjvm.v6I1.1330"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.9.9.868"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917\u2010019\u20101901\u20101"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2020.576113"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0070887"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.55817\/YZFA3391"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_33_1","first-page":"598","article-title":"Avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC)\u2010an update on the control","volume":"1","author":"Kunert Filho H. 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