{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,26]],"date-time":"2026-02-26T15:15:44Z","timestamp":1772118944977,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,15]],"date-time":"2024-10-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1728950400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Medicine &amp;amp; Sci"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>African swine fever (ASF) is one of the deadliest swine diseases with haemorrhagic symptoms and a high mortality rate. Plant\u2010derived additives are potential antiviral agents against viruses due to their environmental and user\u2010friendly properties.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study aims to evaluate the efficacy of plant\u2010based additives (Phyto.A04 and Phyto.B) compared to an organic acid blend (OAB) in inactivating ASF virus (ASFV) in cell culture and feed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>ASFV\u2010spiked feed was treated with individual or combined additives such as OAB, Phyto.A04 and Phyto.B. The viability of ASFV after treatment of ASFV\u2010spiked feed with additives was then confirmed by both methods, real\u2010time PCR and cell culture.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The results of the in vitro test with cell cultures showed that all three additives (OAB, Phyto.A04 and Phyto.B) exerted a strong virucidal effect on ASFV in porcine alveolar macrophage cells. OAB at a concentration of 0.3% reduced the virus concentration from 4.48 log\n                      <jats:sub>10<\/jats:sub>\n                      HAD\n                      <jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>\n                      \/mL after 1 day of treatment (day 1) to 3.29 log\n                      <jats:sub>10<\/jats:sub>\n                      HAD\n                      <jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>\n                      \/mL after 3 days of treatment (day 3) and remained undetected after 7 days of treatment (day 7). In Phyto.A04 with 1%, the virus was only detectable on day 1 (3.53 log\n                      <jats:sub>10<\/jats:sub>\n                      HAD\n                      <jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>\n                      \/mL). Phyto.B with 0.01% and 0.05% both showed good efficacy in completely inhibiting virus presence on days 3 and 7.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>All additives, OAB, Phyto.A04 and Phyto.B, were able to inactivate ASFV in a dose\u2010dependent manner, as confirmed by cell culture and PCR methods. The combination of additives at different concentrations consistently improved the virucidal results.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/vms3.70070","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,15]],"date-time":"2024-10-15T03:40:05Z","timestamp":1728963605000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Antiviral Activity of Plant\u2010Based Additives Against African Swine Fever Virus (ASFV) in Feed Ingredients"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Thi Ngoc Ha","family":"Lai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine Vietnam National University of Agriculture (VNUA)  Hanoi Vietnam"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thi Bich Ngoc","family":"Trinh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine Vietnam National University of Agriculture (VNUA)  Hanoi Vietnam"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thi Tam","family":"Than","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine Vietnam National University of Agriculture (VNUA)  Hanoi Vietnam"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nguyen Tuan Anh","family":"Mai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine Vietnam National University of Agriculture (VNUA)  Hanoi Vietnam"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Niku Moussavi","family":"Biuki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Infectious Disease Dr. Eckel Animal Nutrition GmbH &amp; Co. 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