{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,26]],"date-time":"2026-02-26T15:16:00Z","timestamp":1772118960093,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,29]],"date-time":"2024-11-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1732838400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100018958","name":"Pennsylvania Department of Agriculture","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100018958","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Medicine &amp;amp; Sci"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The study of the epidemiology of\n                      <jats:italic>Clostridioides difficile<\/jats:italic>\n                      in populations is greatly facilitated by the ability to isolate and further characterize individual organisms, which requires effective culture protocols. In cattle, where little is known about the epidemiology of\n                      <jats:italic>C. difficile<\/jats:italic>\n                      , no studies have assessed or compared the performance of different assays for detecting\n                      <jats:italic>C. difficile<\/jats:italic>\n                      .\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      This study compared two culture protocols for detecting\n                      <jats:italic>C. difficile<\/jats:italic>\n                      in bovine faeces from 121 gestating cows and 70 of their neonatal calves, while situating results obtained with each protocol relative to those obtained with shotgun metagenomic sequencing.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Protocol 1 involved direct plating enrichment onto taurocholine\u2010cycloserine\u2010cefoxitin\u2010fructose agar (TCCFA), while Protocol 2 included an ethanol shock step before plating on CCFA\/ChromID agar. For both protocols, one aliquot underwent broth enrichment prior to plating, while the other aliquot did not.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:italic>Clostridioides difficile<\/jats:italic>\n                      was detected following broth enrichment in two of the same calf samples using both protocols, and an additional cow sample was found to be positive with Protocol 2, though the difference in detection rates was not statistically significant (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 1.0).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The detection of\n                      <jats:italic>C. difficile<\/jats:italic>\n                      in a much high number of these samples by shotgun metagenomics, albeit at low levels of relative abundance, suggests that neither of these culture protocols is sensitive when levels of abundance are low.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/vms3.70085","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,29]],"date-time":"2024-11-29T06:22:10Z","timestamp":1732861330000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Comparison of Anaerobic Culture Methods for Detecting\n                    <i>Clostridioides difficile<\/i>\n                    in Bovine Faeces"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3414-1202","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laurel E.","family":"Redding","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Studies \u2013 New Bolton Center School of Veterinary Medicine University of Pennsylvania  Kennett Square Pennsylvania USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Scott G.","family":"Daniel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Roberts Center for Pediatric Research Children's Hospital of Philadelphia  Philadelphia Pennsylvania USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alexander","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania  Philadelphia Pennsylvania USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Orlaith","family":"Keenan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania  Philadelphia Pennsylvania USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Denise","family":"Barnhart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Studies \u2013 New 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