{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T13:34:23Z","timestamp":1787837663804,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,4]],"date-time":"2024-11-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1730678400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":3,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007225","name":"Ministry of Science and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SRG\u2010221365"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SRG\u2010221365"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007225","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100020392","name":"Sylhet Agricultural University Research System","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SAURES\u2010UGC\u201023\u201022\u201021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SAURES\u2010UGC\u201023\u201022\u201021"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100020392","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Medicine &amp;amp; Sci"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                      spp., especially those are resistant to extended\u2010spectrum \u03b2\u2010lactamase (ESBL), are considered as major concern to global health due to their emergence and dissemination.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The aim of this study was to investigate the virulence and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) profile of\n                      <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                      spp. from migratory and captive wild birds.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Method<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A total 262 faecal samples were collected, and the identification of\n                      <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                      spp. was carried out using a standard culture and PCR as well as molecular detection of virulence and AMR genes.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The overall prevalence of\n                      <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                      was determined to be 30.92% (95% CI = 25.63\u201336.75). Migratory birds exhibited highest prevalence (38.10%), whereas wild birds in captivity showed a lower prevalence (23.40%). The\n                      <jats:italic>agfA<\/jats:italic>\n                      gene was detected at a higher rate at 24.69%.\n                      <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                      spp. exhibited 100% resistance to tetracycline, followed by 58% ampicillin and 46% streptomycin. In addition, there was a resistance rate to ceftriaxone of 17% and to colistin sulphate of 25%. Interestingly, levofloxacin alone displayed 100% sensitivity across all isolates, while ciprofloxacin and azithromycin showed 73% and 64% sensitivity, respectively. The MAR index was 0.25 and 0.42, and 74.07% of all isolates showed multidrug resistance (MDR). It was shown that migratory and captive wild birds contained ESBL genes\n                      <jats:italic>blaTEM<\/jats:italic>\n                      (94.34% and 49.06%) and\n                      <jats:italic>blaSHV<\/jats:italic>\n                      (13.33% and 10%), respectively. Genes responsible for sulphonamide (\n                      <jats:italic>sul1<\/jats:italic>\n                      ) resistance were detected in 13.33% and 79% of wild and migratory birds, respectively.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                      has been found in captive wild and migratory birds and could act as reservoirs for the transmission of MDR and ESBL bacteria.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/vms3.70102","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,4]],"date-time":"2024-11-04T08:32:53Z","timestamp":1730709173000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Virulence and Antimicrobial Resistance Patterns of\n                    <i>Salmonella<\/i>\n                    spp. Recovered From Migratory and Captive Wild Birds"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Ruhena","family":"Begum","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine Sylhet Agricultural University  Sylhet Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nilima Akther","family":"Asha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine Sylhet Agricultural University  Sylhet Bangladesh"},{"name":"Department of Life Sciences Brunel University London, Kingston Lane Uxbridge  Middlesex UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Diponkar Chandra Chanda","family":"Dipu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine Sylhet Agricultural University  Sylhet Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Milton","family":"Roy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine Sylhet Agricultural University  Sylhet Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Asikur","family":"Rahman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine Sylhet Agricultural University  Sylhet Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Md. 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