{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,19]],"date-time":"2026-09-19T15:48:20Z","timestamp":1789832900111,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,30]],"date-time":"2024-10-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1730246400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Medicine &amp;amp; Sci"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The utilization of titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      NPs) has significantly increased across various industries.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      This study rigorously explored the impact of TiO\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      NPs exposure on chicken embryos, focusing particularly on alterations in the immune system, liver functionality and key biochemical markers.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The study involved three groups of 30 eggs each, subjected to increasing doses of TiO\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      NPs: Group C (control), Group T1 (150\u00a0\u00b5g\/mL) and Group T2 (300\u00a0\u00b5g\/mL). After 48\u00a0h of incubation, the eggs in Groups T1 and T2 each received an injection of 0.3\u00a0mL of the TiO\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      NPs solution. In contrast, the eggs in the control group (Group C) were injected with 0.3\u00a0mL of saline solution. Histopathological changes were analysed using haematoxylin and eosin (H&amp;E) staining, whereas amniotic fluid's biochemical properties were examined photometrically. The study also assessed the expression of immune genes (\n                      <jats:italic>AvBD9, IL6<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>IL8L2<\/jats:italic>\n                      ) through quantitative PCR. The evaluations included growth metrics, amniotic fluid biochemistry and histological analysis of the liver, caecal tonsil and bursa of Fabricius.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The results revealed subcutaneous haemorrhage, significant reductions in total body weight and marked changes in biochemical markers, including urea, creatinine, alkaline phosphatase (ALP), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT), in the amniotic fluid of the groups treated with TiO\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      NPs, compared to the control. Histological examinations indicated noticeable alterations in the liver, caecal tonsil and bursa of Fabricius following TiO\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      NP exposure. These alterations were characterized by disruptions in cellular structures and variations in lymphocyte counts. Furthermore, a notable decrease in the expression of immunity genes, namely,\n                      <jats:italic>AvBD9, IL8L2<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>IL6<\/jats:italic>\n                      , was observed in the TiO\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      NP\u2010treated groups compared to the control.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The findings underscore the need for risk assessments of TiO\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      NPs exposure due to its impact on development and immunity. Future research should explore its impact on neurodevelopment and degeneration.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/vms3.70105","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,30]],"date-time":"2024-10-30T10:52:29Z","timestamp":1730285549000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Effects of Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles on Chick Embryo: Immunomodulatory, Hepatic and Biochemical Alterations"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4198-9452","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Md. Sadequl","family":"Islam","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy and Histology Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Science Hajee Mohammad Danesh Science and Technology University  Dinajpur Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Md. 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