{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,4]],"date-time":"2025-12-04T14:48:41Z","timestamp":1764859721619,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,25]],"date-time":"2025-03-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1742860800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":24,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Medicine &amp;amp; Sci"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:p>Medicinal plants and probiotics affect the productive performance of avian species through comparable biological mechanisms, including modifications to the intestinal microbiome, alterations in histomorphology and effects on the immune system and blood metabolites. In light of this, the current study was designed and conducted to compare the efficacy of <jats:italic>Zataria multiflora<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Salvia officinalis<\/jats:italic> and probiotic microorganisms on some physiological parameters and the performance of laying hens. A total of 225 white leghorn hens aged 42 weeks were randomly assigned into 9 treatments with 5 replicates of 10 birds each. Experimental treatments consisted of a control group, 0.2% and 0.4% <jats:italic>Z. multiflora<\/jats:italic>, 0.2% and 0.4% <jats:italic>S. officinalis<\/jats:italic>, 0.2% and 0.4% the combination of <jats:italic>Z. multiflora<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>S. officinalis<\/jats:italic> and 0.005% and 0.01% probiotic microorganisms. Our findings showed that dietary inclusion of 0.01% probiotic, 0.4% <jats:italic>Z. multiflora<\/jats:italic> and 0.4% <jats:italic>Z. multiflora\u00a0+\u00a0S. officinalis<\/jats:italic> treatments decreased the intestinal <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic> (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.01) and <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic> (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.06) enumerations and increased the lamina propria lymphoid follicle diameter (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.01). Feeding 0.4% <jats:italic>Z. multiflora<\/jats:italic>, 0.4% <jats:italic>Z. multiflora\u00a0<\/jats:italic>+\u00a0<jats:italic>S. officinalis<\/jats:italic> could enhance the villus height and crypt depth (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.05). Probiotic supplementation decreased crypt depth (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.019) and increased villus height to crypt depth ratio (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.05). Dietary supplementation of 0.4% <jats:italic>Z. multiflora<\/jats:italic> and 0.01% probiotic treatments significantly showed the highest antibody titre against the Newcastle disease virus vaccine and the lowest heterophil\u2010to\u2010lymphocyte ratio (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.05). Over the whole trial period, feeding 0.01% probiotic and 0.4% <jats:italic>Z. multiflora<\/jats:italic> treatments could improve the egg production percentage and feed conversion ratio (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.05). In conclusion, the present findings indicate that the dietary administration of 0.4% <jats:italic>Z. multiflora<\/jats:italic> and 0.01% probiotic treatments could improve the productive performance of laying hens by strengthening both mucosal and systemic immune functions, as well as improving health indicators related to the intestinal absorptive area.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/vms3.70147","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,28]],"date-time":"2025-03-28T00:33:36Z","timestamp":1743122016000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Effects of <i>Zataria multiflora<\/i>, <i>Salvia officinalis<\/i> and Probiotics on Intestinal Microbial Colonization, Immunocompetence, Jejunal Histology and Performance of Laying Hens"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Vahid","family":"Khosravi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Science College of Agriculture Isfahan University of Technology  Isfahan Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5456-7625","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amir Hossein","family":"Mahdavi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Science College of Agriculture Isfahan University of Technology  Isfahan Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nasim","family":"Hatamzade Esfahani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Science College of Agriculture Isfahan University of Technology  Isfahan Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,25]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","first-page":"213","article-title":"Neutrophil\u2010to\u2010Lymphocyte Ratio in Inflammatory Bowel Disease\u2010as a New Predictor of Disease Severity","volume":"116","author":"Acarturk G.","year":"2015","journal-title":"Bratislavske Lekarske Listy"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","first-page":"9","article-title":"Probiotic Modes of Action and Its Effect on Biochemical Parameters and Growth Performance in Poultry","volume":"10","author":"Al\u2010Fatah A.","year":"2020","journal-title":"Iranian Journal of Applied Animal Science"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0031-9422(00)00249-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10068-013-0242-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2019.04.055"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/medicines4030058"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3382\/ps.2010-813"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/jf0636465"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","first-page":"116","article-title":"Effects of Essential Oils on Lipopolysaccharide\u2010induced Acute\u2010phase Response in Broiler Chickens","volume":"94","author":"Du E.","year":"2015","journal-title":"Poultry Science"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40104-016-0079-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2019.103916"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","unstructured":"Guide for the Care and Use of Agricultural Animals in Research and Teaching. 4th Ed.2020.Federation of Animal Science Societies (FASS)."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","first-page":"337","article-title":"Nano Emulsion Formulation from Essential Oil of Salvia hypoleuca and Investigation of Its Anti Microbial and Physicochemical Properties","volume":"14","author":"Gharenaghadeh S.","year":"2017","journal-title":"Iranian Journal of Food Science and Technology"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","first-page":"175","article-title":"Evaluation of Probiotic, Prebiotic, and Synbiotic on Performance, Immune Responses, and Gastrointestinal Health of Broiler Chickens","volume":"8","author":"Ghasemi R.","year":"2020","journal-title":"Poultry Science Journal"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_11_16_1","first-page":"23","article-title":"Performance, Immunity, and Serum Biochemical Parameters in Broiler Chickens Fed Diet Supplemented with Zataria multiflora Essential Oil","volume":"4","author":"Ghazvinian K.","year":"2018","journal-title":"Advanced Herbal Medicine"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/vms3.663"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/1828051X.2021.2013738"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fpsl.2018.12.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psj.2024.103739"},{"issue":"81","key":"e_1_2_11_21_1","article-title":"Immune Response and Ileal Microflora in Broilers Fed Wheat\u2010based Diet with or without Enzyme Endofeed W and Supplementation of Thyme Essential Oil or Probiotic PrimaLac?","volume":"11","author":"Khaksar V.","year":"2012","journal-title":"African Journal of Biotechnology"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_11_22_1","first-page":"213","article-title":"Relaxant Effect of Zataria multiflora Boiss L. and Its Ingredients on Smooth Muscles, Possible Mechanisms and Clinical Application","volume":"26","author":"Khazdair M. R.","year":"2022","journal-title":"Physiology and Pharmacology"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3382\/ps.2009-00275"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.emc.2011.04.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2011.05.003"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_11_26_1","first-page":"31","article-title":"Anti\u2010Inflammatory and Analgesic Properties of Salvigenin, Salvia officinalis Flavonoid Extracted","volume":"2","author":"Mansourabadi A. H.","year":"2016","journal-title":"Advanced Herbal Medicine"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_11_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.2141\/jpsa.44.198","article-title":"Panchagavya and Andrographis paniculata as Alternatives to Antibiotic Growth Promoters on Haematological, Serum Biochemical Parameters and Immune Status of Broilers","volume":"44","author":"Mathivanan R.","year":"2007","journal-title":"Poultry Science"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cells12010184"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2020.1774496"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_11_30_1","first-page":"35","article-title":"Investigation on the Effect of Dietary Zataria multiflora Boiss Extract Supplementation and Its Using Times on Performance, Carcass Characteristics and Gut Microbial Populations in Broiler Chickens","volume":"4","author":"Mohammadpour F.","year":"2015","journal-title":"Animal Production Research"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_11_31_1","first-page":"220","article-title":"Effect of Zataria multiflora Essential Oil on Immune Responses and Faecal Virus Shedding Period in Broilers Immunized with Live Newcastle Disease Vaccines","volume":"14","author":"Mosleh N.","year":"2013","journal-title":"Iranian Journal of Veterinary Research"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_11_32_1","first-page":"51","article-title":"Effect of Zataria multiflora Boiss (Thyme) Extract on Intestinal Bacterial Populations, Meat Cholesterol and Carcass Characteristics of Broiler Chickens Fed Diets with and without Fat","volume":"5","author":"Nobakht M.","year":"2016","journal-title":"Animal Production Research"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/life13061287"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rvsc.2012.04.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00439339.2022.2151395"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.livsci.2020.104215"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10457-019-00401-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09540105.2010.497533"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ani11123513"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-18663-1"},{"volume-title":"SAS Statistics User's Guide. Statistical Analytical System","year":"2013","author":"SAS","key":"e_1_2_11_41_1"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_11_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.5455\/ajvs.68800","article-title":"Effect of Thyme and Rosemary on Chemical Composition of some Meat Products","volume":"69","author":"Seifeldeen A. R.","year":"2021","journal-title":"Alexandria Journal for Veterinary Sciences"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anifeedsci.2022.115451"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/pr.pr_92_19"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_11_45_1","first-page":"81","article-title":"Zataria multiflora, Broiler Health and Performance: A Review","volume":"20","author":"Shomali T.","year":"2019","journal-title":"Iranian Journal of Veterinary Research"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2019.105743"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_47_1","first-page":"107","article-title":"Evaluating the Effect of Two Types of Thyme Essential Oils (Zataria multiflora & Ziziphora clinopodioides Lam) on Some Productive Traits and Blood Parameters in Broilers","volume":"9","author":"Talebi E.","year":"2021","journal-title":"Poultry Science Journal"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/agriculture13040874"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-07420-4"},{"issue":"7","key":"e_1_2_11_50_1","first-page":"474","article-title":"Neutrophil\u2010to\u2010Lymphocyte Ratio, Past, Present and Future Perspectives","volume":"122","author":"Zahorec R.","year":"2021","journal-title":"Bratislavske Lekarske Listy"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/7591840"}],"container-title":["Veterinary Medicine and Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/vms3.70147","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,14]],"date-time":"2025-05-14T08:17:35Z","timestamp":1747210655000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/vms3.70147"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]},"references-count":50,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/vms3.70147"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/vms3.70147","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2053-1095","2053-1095"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"2053-1095"},{"type":"electronic","value":"2053-1095"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2024-02-25","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-11-18","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-03-25","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e70147"}}