{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T20:28:44Z","timestamp":1792614524305,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,17]],"date-time":"2025-01-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1737072000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":16,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Medicine &amp;amp; Sci"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Fascioliasis represents one of the most significant parasitic and foodborne zoonotic diseases in the world. Resistance to currently deployed human and veterinary flukicides is a growing health problem. Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO\u2010NPs) have developed enormous importance in nanomedicine. The current study aims to evaluate the flukicide activity of ZnO\u2010NPs on the adult stages of <jats:italic>Fasciola hepatica<\/jats:italic>, in vitro assay.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Mature flukes of <jats:italic>F. hepatica<\/jats:italic> were collected from the biliary tracts of cattle liver from the main slaughterhouses in Aswan Governorate, Egypt. The co\u2010precipitation process was utilized to create ZnO\u2010NPs. The adult active flukes of <jats:italic>F. hepatica<\/jats:italic> (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a06) were transferred in Petri dishes (triplicates) containing different concentrations of ZnO\u2010NPs (0.05, 0.10 and 0.12\u00a0mg\/mL), with simultaneous maintenance of control in only PBS. The treated and control groups of flukes were maintained inside an incubator at 37\u00b0C\u00a0\u00b1\u00a01\u00b0C. Mortality and paralysis of the flukes were observed. The adult flukes were picked up for scanning electron microscopy (SEM) examination from the control medium, and those exposed to the highest effective concentration of ZnO\u2010NPs. ZnO\u2010NPs showed dose\u2010dependent flukicide efficacy against the adult flukes.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>At 0.12\u00a0mg\/mL concentration of ZnO\u2010NPs, the mortality of flukes was attained early in 4.05\u00a0\u00b1\u00a00.033\u00a0h. The photomicrographs obtained by SEM of the flukes revealed that ZnO\u2010NPs (0.12\u00a0mg\/mL) had a potent effect on the integument surface and genital system of <jats:italic>F. hepatica<\/jats:italic>. Most of the tegument was damaged with complete erosion and loss of the spines and papillae. Furthermore, a severe rupture in the genital system causes the uterus to burst and releases eggs through the genital pore.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Hence, it could be concluded that ZnO\u2010NPs performed effective anthelmintic activity against the adult stages of <jats:italic>F. hepatica<\/jats:italic>, in vitro. The results of the present study recommend the use of ZnO\u2010NPs as new preparations with anthelmintic activity.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/vms3.70170","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,17]],"date-time":"2025-01-17T17:49:01Z","timestamp":1737136141000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Evaluating the In Vitro Anthelmintic Activity of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles (ZnO\u2010NPs) Against the Adult Stages of <i>Fasciola hepatica<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1984-4185","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mahmoud","family":"Abdelhamid","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Parasitology Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Aswan University  Aswan Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dalia","family":"Fouad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Zoology College of Science King Saud University  Riyadh Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdallah","family":"Alian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Zoology Faculty of Science Al\u2010Azhar University  Assiut Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Asmaa A.","family":"Nasr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Poultry Diseases Animal Health Research Institute  Assiut Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"H.","family":"Abd\u2010Allah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics Faculty of Science Assiut University  Assiut Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohamed","family":"Farouk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Tropical Medicine and Gastroenterology Faculty of Medicine, New Valley University  El Kharga,New Valley Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Barakat Shehata","family":"Abd elmaleck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Zoology &amp; Entomology Faculty of Science New Valley University  El Kharga, New Valley Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2206-7236","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Athanasios","family":"Alexiou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Centre for Research &amp; Development Chandigarh University  Mohali Punjab India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marios","family":"Papadakis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery University Hospital Witten\u2010Herdecke  Wuppertal Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gaber El\u2010Saber","family":"Batiha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Damanhour University  Damanhour, AlBeheira Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fatma A. S.","family":"Anwar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Zoology Faculty of Science Assiut University  Assiut Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","first-page":"647","article-title":"Seaweed Mediated Fabrication of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles and Their Antibacterial, Antifungal and Anticancer Applications","volume":"6","author":"Anjali K. P.","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chemistry Select"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1011081"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mssp.2014.12.053"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","first-page":"563","article-title":"Assessment of Triclabendazole Efficacy Against Fasciola hepatica by Histopathological Changes Induced in Tegument and Gut of Flukes","volume":"12","author":"Bibik O.","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of Advanced Veterinary Research"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12639-011-0087-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","first-page":"59","article-title":"Antimicrobial Activity of Wet Chemically Engineered Spherical Shaped ZnO Nanoparticles on Food Borne Pathogen","volume":"20","author":"Chitra K.","year":"2013","journal-title":"International Food Research Journal"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1002777"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12968\/live.2015.20.2.86"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2023.108587"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0261166"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40089-016-0198-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11947-012-0797-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2023.1270064"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/1574885518666230403111528"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms141121887"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmolb.2020.595646"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21608\/bvmj.2021.83038.1442"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molbiopara.2009.04.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_20_1","article-title":"Emerging Human Fascioliasis: A Retrospective Study of Epidemiological Findings in Dali, Yunnan Province, China (2012\u20132021)","volume":"29","author":"Huang L.","year":"2023","journal-title":"International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medicine"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpddr.2023.11.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2019.109019"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0133086"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2011.08.025"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/21505594.2021.1996520"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vprsr.2023.100927"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/cmr.00088-19"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-18616-6_4"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-003-0930-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-003-0863-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2017.06.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-011-2582-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.radphyschem.2023.111335"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2022.935428"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2019.02.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.29261\/pakvetj\/2023.034"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/2211738508666200524233724"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s42247-021-00264-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rvsc.2020.10.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chroma.2012.12.018"}],"container-title":["Veterinary Medicine and Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/vms3.70170","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,22]],"date-time":"2025-05-22T10:40:05Z","timestamp":1747910405000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/vms3.70170"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/vms3.70170"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/vms3.70170","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2053-1095","2053-1095"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2053-1095","type":"print"},{"value":"2053-1095","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2024-02-13","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-11-29","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-01-17","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e70170"}}