{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T21:04:45Z","timestamp":1791234285917,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,18]],"date-time":"2024-12-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1734480000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Medicine &amp;amp; Sci"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:italic>Giardia duodenalis<\/jats:italic>\n                      is a pathogenic protozoan responsible for gastrointestinal infections in various hosts, including rabbits. Understanding its epidemiology, genetic diversity and zoonotic implications is vital for public health and veterinary medicine. This systematic review and meta\u2010analysis aimed to synthesize global data on the prevalence of\n                      <jats:italic>G. duodenalis<\/jats:italic>\n                      in rabbit populations, assess the genetic diversity of the isolates and evaluate the associated zoonotic potential.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We conducted a thorough literature search across multiple databases (PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science and Google Scholar) for studies published until 18 October 2024. Only peer\u2010reviewed articles reporting original research on\n                      <jats:italic>G. duodenalis<\/jats:italic>\n                      in rabbits were included. We extracted data on prevalence rates, testing times, publication years, countries, continents, WHO regions, diagnostic methods, genes used, assemblages and sub\u2010assemblages. A meta\u2010analysis using random\u2010effects models was performed to calculate pooled prevalence rates, with the\n                      <jats:italic>I<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      index used to assess heterogeneity.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A total of 26 studies\/datasets were analysed, covering data from 5543 rabbits across 15 countries. The estimated pooled prevalence of\n                      <jats:italic>G. duodenalis<\/jats:italic>\n                      in rabbits was 12.1% (95% CI: 7%\u201320%), with substantial heterogeneity (\n                      <jats:italic>I<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      = 96.5%). Geographic analysis showed higher prevalence rates in Africa and the AFR WHO region (72.3%, 95% CI: 61.7%\u201380.8%). Genetic analysis revealed three zoonotic assemblages (A, B and E) and two zoonotic sub\u2010assemblages (AI and BIV) of\n                      <jats:italic>G. duodenalis<\/jats:italic>\n                      in rabbits, highlighting concerns over zoonotic transmission.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The findings highlight the global presence and genetic diversity of\n                      <jats:italic>G. duodenalis<\/jats:italic>\n                      in rabbits, indicating potential zoonotic risks. Ongoing monitoring and research are essential to clarify the transmission dynamics and public health implications of\n                      <jats:italic>G. duodenalis<\/jats:italic>\n                      in these animals. Raising awareness among pet owners, veterinarians and public health officials is vital to mitigate potential zoonosis.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/vms3.70176","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,18]],"date-time":"2024-12-18T05:20:00Z","timestamp":1734499200000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["A Global Systematic Review and Meta\u2010Analysis of\n                    <i>Giardia duodenalis<\/i>\n                    in Rabbits: Epidemiology, Genetic Diversity and Possible Zoonotic Concerns"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4005-2687","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ali","family":"Asghari","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Microbiology Research Center Qazvin University of Medical Sciences  Qazvin 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