{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T17:42:34Z","timestamp":1790703754335,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,10]],"date-time":"2025-01-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1736467200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":9,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Medicine &amp;amp; Sci"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Brucellosis is a zoonotic disease caused by\n                      <jats:italic>Brucella<\/jats:italic>\n                      spp., affecting various animals and humans, leading to significant economic and public health impacts. Traditional diagnostic methods, mainly serological, often fail to detect seronegative carriers, which continue to spread the infection.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This review aims to highlight advancements in molecular diagnostics that address these limitations.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A systematic search of PubMed, Web of Science and Scopus was conducted, focusing on studies using seronegative, PCR, qPCR and biosensor\u2010based techniques. Data extraction and meta\u2010analyses were performed, evaluating pooled detection rates and heterogeneity.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Through analysis of existing studies, we review key molecular techniques, including PCR, LAMP and biosensor\u2010based assays, which offer high sensitivity and specificity by detecting bacterial DNA directly, thus overcoming the challenges of antibody\u2010based tests. Meta\u2010analysis of detection rates across different studies showed significant variability, with rates ranging from 0.96% to 100%, highlighting differences in sample types, animal species and regions. The pooled detection proportion from random\u2010effects models was 35.08%, indicating that many seronegative animals still carry\n                      <jats:italic>Brucella<\/jats:italic>\n                      spp. A forest plot analysis further confirmed heterogeneity in detection, underlining the importance of using molecular diagnostics alongside serological tests to identify hidden carriers.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Innovations like nanoparticle\u2010enhanced biosensors and CRISPR\u2010Cas systems show promise for rapid, on\u2010site diagnostics. The findings suggest that integrating molecular methods with traditional serology can improve surveillance and disease management. Future research should focus on developing portable, field\u2010ready diagnostic devices and standardised protocols, along with exploring novel biomarkers to detect latent infections. A collaborative One Health approach, involving veterinary, public health and environmental sectors, is essential for comprehensive disease control and eradication efforts.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/vms3.70200","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,10]],"date-time":"2025-01-10T12:45:56Z","timestamp":1736513156000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Beyond Serology: A Meta\u2010Analysis of Advancements in Molecular Detection of\n                    <i>Brucella<\/i>\n                    spp. in Seronegative Animals and Biological Samples"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4198-9452","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Md. Sadequl","family":"Islam","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy and Histology, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Science Hajee Mohammad Danesh Science and Technology University Dinajpur Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8297-3276","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Md. Ahsan","family":"Habib","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Science and Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Science Hajee Mohammad Danesh Science and Technology University Dinajpur Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nasrin Sultana","family":"Tonu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Upazila Livestock Office and Veterinary Hospital, Barura Cumilla Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Md. 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Mostafizer","family":"Rahman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Science Hajee Mohammad Danesh Science and Technology University Dinajpur Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_13_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2023.e15085"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms242417272"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917\u2010020\u201002346\u2010y"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11250\u2010012\u20100252\u20108"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci9040193"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917\u2010023\u201003773\u20103"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.1990.196.02.313"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2020.105194"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2020.105194"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978\u2010012263951\u20107\/50017\u2010X"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci5010028"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s44149\u2010023\u201000077\u20109"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889\u2010017\u20105016\u2010y"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0012030"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cimid.2012.09.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13690\u2010017\u20100207\u20107"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3325\/cmj.2010.51.296"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1756\u20100500\u20104\u2010525"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11250\u2010011\u20109822\u20104"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1746\u20106148\u20105\u201022"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0012405"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1472\u2010765X.2007.02309.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/vms3.193"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/9378976"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2023\/2932883"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1865\u20101682.2012.01347.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11250\u2010022\u201003073\u20104"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/vms3.190"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms10081584"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866\u2010023\u201002962\u20102"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2019.00078"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0005367"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0012442"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_35_1","unstructured":"Louisiana Department of Health.2024. \u201cBrucellosis Manual.\u201dhttps:\/\/ldh.la.gov\/assets\/oph\/Center\u2010PHCH\/Center\u2010CH\/infectious\u2010epi\/EpiManual\/BrucellosisManual.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_2_13_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11250\u2010017\u20101455\u20109"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40249\u2010023\u201001170\u20104"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14202\/vetworld.2022.2151\u20102163"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acscentsci.7b00019"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms12010223"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523\u20101739.1994.08030645.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_42_1","first-page":"2023","article-title":"Diagnostic Challenges of Brucellosis in Humans and Livestock in Tanzania: A Thematic Review","volume":"2023","author":"Mengele I. 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