{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,26]],"date-time":"2026-02-26T15:16:31Z","timestamp":1772118991383,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,10]],"date-time":"2025-03-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1741564800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":9,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Medicine &amp;amp; Sci"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Due to their high specificity and exclusive cardiac myocyte sensitivity, cardiac troponins T and I (cTnT, cTnI) are currently regarded as ideal biomarkers to identify cardiomyocyte damage, myocardial injury, myocardial infarction, and chronic heart failure. In fact, cTnI is considered the most reliable biomarker for diagnosing heart\u2010related issues. This study aimed to investigate the effects of age, gender, and exercise training on serum cTnI levels and various parameters related to the cardiovascular capacity of Caspian horses. For this purpose, 50 adult Caspian horses over 3 years old, both male and female, were selected from horse breeding centres and clubs in the provinces of Tehran, Alborz, and Gilan. To account for age\u2010related differences, the horses were divided into three groups: Group A (less than 5 years), Group B (between 5 and 10 years), and Group C (over 10 years). To measure cTnI levels, 10\u00a0mL of blood was collected from the jugular vein of each horse using a venoject blood collection tube before exercise and another 10\u00a0mL 2 h post\u2010exercise. The samples were refrigerated and centrifuged for 30 min after collection. Two millilitres of serum obtained from each horse at both time points was stored at \u221220\u00b0C for subsequent analysis. Troponin I levels were measured in the laboratory using the electrochemical luminescence (ECL) method. The results of this study reveal for the first time that the normal average of serum cTnI, packed cell volume (PCV), and blood haemoglobin (Hb) levels in Caspian horses is 2.5\u00a0ng\/L, 35.52%, and 12.1%, respectively. Furthermore, the findings indicate that exercise significantly increases serum levels of cTnI, PCV, and blood haemoglobin; however, age and gender did not appear to affect these measured parameters. Therefore, it can be concluded that exercise stimulates the release of troponin due to myocardial injury.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/vms3.70202","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,11]],"date-time":"2025-03-11T18:34:52Z","timestamp":1741718092000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Effects of Age, Sex, and Exercise on Measurement of Serum CTnI Levels and Some Parameters Related to the Cardiovascular Capacity of Caspian Horses"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-1760-683X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hossein","family":"Mehrazin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of\u00a0Clinical Science School of Veterinary Medicine Science and research branch,Islamic Azad University Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mehdi","family":"Sakha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of\u00a0Clinical Science School of Veterinary Medicine Science and research branch,Islamic Azad University Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shahabeddin","family":"Safi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathobiology Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Science and Research Branch Islamic Azad University Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jevs.2012.07.015"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ani11082413"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","first-page":"81","article-title":"Physiological and Hemato\u2010Chemical Evaluation of Thoroughbred Race Horse After Exercise","volume":"8","author":"Allaam M.","year":"2014","journal-title":"IJAVMS"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4314\/sajas.v53i1.01"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcha.2019.03.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.peptides.2019.170173"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","first-page":"151","article-title":"Cardiopulmonary and Inflammatory Biomarkers in Heartworm Disease","volume":"10","author":"Carret\u00f3n E.","year":"2017","journal-title":"Parasites & Vectors"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2020.617705"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000000490"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.acc.2020.08.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/evj.12803"},{"issue":"7","key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","first-page":"331","article-title":"Indicators of Exhaustion and Stress Markers in Endurance Horses","volume":"77","author":"\u0110okovi\u0107 S.","year":"2021","journal-title":"Medycyna Weterynaryjna"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.1c04476"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jevs.2023.104882"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14202\/vetworld.2020.847-859"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.248.9.1034"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","unstructured":"Guma M. A.2019. \u201cStructure\u2010Function Relationship of Muscle Thin Filament Regulatory Proteins: Tropomyosin and Troponin University of Leicester.\u201dhttps:\/\/figshare.le.ac.uk\/articles\/thesis\/Structure\u2010Function_Relationship_of_Muscle_Thin_Filament_Regulatory_Proteins_Tropomyosin_and_Troponin\/10304648."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2020.105433"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40473-014-0010-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13293-017-0152-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2006.02.056"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jveb.2020.05.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.RA119.011177"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40781-017-0126-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/clinchem\/hvaa281"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.94.11.2901"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_10_28_1","first-page":"4","article-title":"Evaluation of Serum Cardiac Troponin\u2010I Concentration and Cardiac Enzyme Activities in Neonatal Calves With Sepsis","volume":"76","author":"K\u0131rba\u015f A.","year":"2021","journal-title":"Israel Journal of Veterinary Medicine"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-3306.2012.00554.x"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_10_30_1","first-page":"391","article-title":"Variability of Clinical and Haematological Indices in the Course of Training Exercise in Jumping Horses","volume":"50","author":"Krumrych W.","year":"2006","journal-title":"Bulletin\u2010Veterinary Institute in Pulawy"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvq265"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jevs.2017.08.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marron O. V.Hare andI.Ramsey.2015.Validation of a Point\u2010of\u2010Care Haemoglobin Meter (Avie Total HbTM) for Canine and Feline Blood Samples.BSAVA Congress Proceedings 2015. Birmingham UK.","DOI":"10.22233\/9781910443521.68.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-3306.2010.00259.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_35_1","unstructured":"Mihisy A. A. M. A. A. E.Gaden M. A. E.Doud M. A. M.Guled N. A. A.Aboo andS. A. S.Ahmed.2017. \u201cStudies on Effects of Exercise on Complete Blood Count of Horses (Equus caballus) in Khartoum State Sudan University of Science and Technology.\u201dhttps:\/\/www.semanticscholar.org\/paper\/Studies\u2010on\u2010Effects\u2010of\u2010Exercise\u2010on\u2010Complete\u2010Blood\u2010of\u2010Mihisy\u2010Gaden\/4488532d874a943b2c0bbaaaaa1d97877d6a577f."},{"issue":"87","key":"e_1_2_10_36_1","article-title":"The Effect of Age and Gender on Blood Haematological and Serum Biochemical Parameters in \u017demaitukai Horses","volume":"65","author":"Miknien\u0117 Z.","year":"2013","journal-title":"Veterinarija Ir Zootechnika"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/682054"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2012.04.049"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-0813.2012.00970.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvc.2008.10.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-8159.2010.02841.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1258\/002367706776319042"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12659\/MSM.881930"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/met.2019.0073"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/inp.c5312"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_46_1","volume-title":"Veterinary Epidemiology: An Introduction","author":"Pfeiffer D.","year":"2010"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2003.tb02486.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00697.2019"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_10_49_1","first-page":"99","article-title":"The Effect of a Period of Combined Exercise Training on Gestational Weight Gain in Overweight Pregnant Women","volume":"5","author":"Pourmohammad M.","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sarem Journal of Medical Research"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.12340"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/bios8040114"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/104063870501700611"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jhered\/esy061"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2010.04.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.14870"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cveq.2018.12.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-5827.2005.tb00304.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1294\/jes.24.75"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-016-0846-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22179187"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2014.11.015"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1478061507853667"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_63_1","unstructured":"Willekes C.2013. \u201cFrom Steppe to Stable: Horses and Horsemanship in the Ancient World University of Calgary.\u201dhttps:\/\/prism.ucalgary.ca\/items\/1e289774\u20105679\u201043db\u20109972\u201015415f830601."},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_10_64_1","first-page":"231","article-title":"Evaluation of Threshold Doses of Drug Action in the Horse Using Hematocrit Values as an Indicator","volume":"75","author":"Wood T.","year":"1992","journal-title":"Research Communications in Chemical Pathology and Pharmacology"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2016.00155"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_10_66_1","first-page":"207","article-title":"Assessment of Body Measurement Characteristics of Iranian Turkoman and Caspian Horses","volume":"3","author":"Zandi M. B.","year":"2014","journal-title":"Bulletin of Environment, Pharmacology and Life Sciences"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.570762"}],"container-title":["Veterinary Medicine and Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/vms3.70202","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,14]],"date-time":"2025-05-14T04:14:56Z","timestamp":1747196096000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/vms3.70202"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]},"references-count":66,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/vms3.70202"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/vms3.70202","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{"has-review":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1002\/VMS3.70202\/v3\/response1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1002\/VMS3.70202\/v2\/decision1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1002\/VMS3.70202\/v2\/review2","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1002\/VMS3.70202\/v1\/review2","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1002\/VMS3.70202\/v1\/review1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1002\/VMS3.70202\/v3\/review2","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1002\/VMS3.70202\/v2\/review1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1002\/VMS3.70202\/v1\/decision1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1002\/VMS3.70202\/v3\/decision1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1002\/VMS3.70202\/v3\/review1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["2053-1095","2053-1095"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2053-1095","type":"print"},{"value":"2053-1095","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2024-03-28","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-12-30","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-03-10","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e70202"}}