{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T05:03:05Z","timestamp":1789621385424,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":10,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,27]],"date-time":"2025-01-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1737936000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Medicine &amp;amp; Sci"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>This case report highlights a potential vaccine safety concern associated with the Pseudorabies virus (PRV) live vaccine, which warrants further investigation for comprehensive understanding. Vaccine\u2010induced immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia (VITT), a novel syndrome of adverse events following adenovirus vector COVID\u201019 vaccines, was observed after vaccination with Zoetis PR\u2010VAC PLUS. This led to a 100% morbidity and high mortality among PRV\u2010free Danish purebred pigs from Danish Genetics Co. Clinical signs and gross presentations due to the post\u2010thrombotic syndrome (PTS) and pulmonary embolism (PE) included (1) PE causing severe pulmonary oedema, which led to shortness of breath and respiratory failure. PTS causing (2) osteochondrosis (OCD)\/leg weakness syndrome; (3) acute gastric ulcers and bleeding; (4) haemorrhagic bowel syndrome; (5) myocardial infarction or heart failure and (6) noticeable varicose veins. (7) Thrombocytopenia along with reddish or purplish spots appeared. Definitive diagnosis was based on the following as human medicine: (1) clinical signs appearing 4\u201342\u00a0days post\u2010vaccination; (2) thrombocytopenia; (3) presence of thrombus in lung vessels, alveolar septa vessels, gastric vessels and small intestine, as well as other organs, as confirmed by histopathologic examination; (4) positive result from anti\u2010heparin\/PF4 ELISA testing. VITT in pigs, not previously reported, could be attributed to several factors: (1) Differences in diagnosing pigs compared to humans, especially considering that VITT associated with COVID\u201019 vaccines has only recently been identified. (2) Challenges in linking clinical signs such as pulmonary oedema, OCD\/leg weakness, gastric ulcers and haemorrhagic bowel syndrome to thrombosis. (3) Delayed onset of clinical signs 4\u201342\u00a0days post\u2010vaccination, unlike common vaccine side effects. (4) Clinical signs were varied and illogical, and ranged from mild to moderate with low mortality if there were no other complications or conditions. (5) Difficulty in diagnosing the condition due to the presence of common pathogens like PRRSV and PCV2. (6) Breeding\/genetic factors can be an issue when breeders with strong immunity, who may also be highly sensitive to VITT, are selected. The potential problem of VITT might not be detected because no PR vaccine is used in Denmark.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/vms3.70222","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,27]],"date-time":"2025-01-27T12:21:07Z","timestamp":1737980467000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Vaccine\u2010Induced Immune Thrombotic Thrombocytopenia Caused by Zoetis PR\u2010VAC PLUS in Pseudorabies Virus\u2010Free Danish Purebred Pigs"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-5028-7681","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chien\u2010Cheng","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine National Chiayi University  Chiayi City Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_16_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.2021012152"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.120.315445"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_4_1","unstructured":"Burrough E. R.2021. \u201cHemorrhagic Bowel Syndrome in Pigs.\u201d Updated September. MSD Veterinary Manual."},{"key":"e_1_2_16_5_1","unstructured":"Bussel J. B. J. M.Connors D. B.Cines et\u00a0al.2022. \u201cVaccine\u2010Induced Thrombotic Thrombocytopenia Version 1.9.\u201dAmerican Society of Hematology. Updated May 9.https:\/\/www.hematology.org\/covid\u201019\/vaccine\u2010induced\u2010immune\u2010thrombotic\u2010thrombocytopenia."},{"issue":"17","key":"e_1_2_16_6_1","article-title":"Vaccine\u2010Induced Immune Thrombotic Thrombocytopenia (VITT) Following Adenovirus Vector COVID\u201019 Vaccination","volume":"2","author":"Pai M.","year":"2021","journal-title":"Science Briefs of the Ontario COVID\u201019 Science Advisory Table"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.903755"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2024.01.045"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.2021014214"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_10_1","unstructured":"Schwartz K. J.2023. \u201cLameness in Breeding Gilts Sows and Boars.\u201d Published December. MSD Veterinary Manual."},{"key":"e_1_2_16_11_1","first-page":"738","volume-title":"Diseases of Swine","author":"Thomson J. R.","year":"2012"}],"container-title":["Veterinary Medicine and Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/vms3.70222","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,14]],"date-time":"2025-05-14T04:17:14Z","timestamp":1747196234000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/vms3.70222"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,27]]},"references-count":10,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/vms3.70222"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/vms3.70222","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{"has-review":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1002\/VMS3.70222\/v3\/review1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1002\/VMS3.70222\/v4\/response1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1002\/VMS3.70222\/v1\/review1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1002\/VMS3.70222\/v3\/response1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1002\/VMS3.70222\/v1\/review2","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1002\/VMS3.70222\/v4\/review1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1002\/VMS3.70222\/v2\/decision1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1002\/VMS3.70222\/v2\/response1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1002\/VMS3.70222\/v3\/decision1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1002\/VMS3.70222\/v1\/decision1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1002\/VMS3.70222\/v2\/review1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1002\/VMS3.70222\/v4\/decision1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["2053-1095","2053-1095"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2053-1095","type":"print"},{"value":"2053-1095","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,27]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2024-02-17","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-01-17","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-01-27","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e70222"}}