{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]],"date-time":"2026-06-23T23:17:08Z","timestamp":1782256628849,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,21]],"date-time":"2025-02-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740096000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Medicine &amp;amp; Sci"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>In Nepal, cows and buffaloes are common livestock used in subsistence farming and are often afflicted by helminth and protozoan parasites.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections (IPIs) and contributing (i.e., previously suggested to be associated with IPIs) factors affecting bovine calves in the Birgunj region, Nepal.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>From June to December 2023, 200 faecal samples (100 from commercial farms and 100 from subsistence farms) were collected and analysed using flotation and sedimentation techniques. Contributing factors were systematically obtained using structured questionnaires and direct field observations.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Overall, 62% of the samples contained oocysts or eggs of intestinal parasites. The identified species included one protozoan (<jats:italic>Eimeria<\/jats:italic> spp., 7.5%), five nematodes (<jats:italic>Strongyloides<\/jats:italic> spp., 15.5%; <jats:italic>Ostertagia<\/jats:italic> spp., 6.5%; <jats:italic>Haemonchus<\/jats:italic> spp., 4.5%; <jats:italic>Toxocara<\/jats:italic> spp. and 11.5%; <jats:italic>Ascaris<\/jats:italic> spp., 4%) and two trematodes (<jats:italic>Fasciola<\/jats:italic> spp., 20%; <jats:italic>Paramphistomum<\/jats:italic> spp., 13%). The <jats:italic>Fasciola<\/jats:italic> spp. prevalence was notably higher in calves from subsistence farms compared to commercial farms (<jats:italic>p\u00a0<\/jats:italic>=\u00a00.015). Buffalo calves presented higher rates of <jats:italic>Fasciola<\/jats:italic> spp. and dual infections (<jats:italic>p\u00a0<\/jats:italic>=\u00a00.001), whereas cow calves presented a greater prevalence of <jats:italic>Toxocara<\/jats:italic> spp. (<jats:italic>p\u00a0<\/jats:italic>=\u00a00.046). Calves grazing near riverbanks presented significantly higher odds (adjusted odds ratio [aOR]: 2.76, 95% confidence interval (CI) [1.07\u20137.14]) of any IPIs, even after adjusting for other significant factors in a bivariate model. Factors, such as free\u2010range rearing, subsistence farming and grazing on riverbank grasses, were linked to higher odds of <jats:italic>Fasciola<\/jats:italic> spp. infection in the bivariate model, but only the presence of buffalo calves ([aOR]: 2.64, 95% CI [1.03\u20136.76]) remained significant after mutual adjustment (i.e., in the multivariate model).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>These findings underscore the significant burden of intestinal parasites in young calves, highlighting the need for regular inspections and preventive measures.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/vms3.70254","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,21]],"date-time":"2025-02-21T09:56:33Z","timestamp":1740131793000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Intestinal Parasitic Infections (IPIs) and Contributing Factors in Bovine Calves in Southern Nepal"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Dharmraj Kumar","family":"Patel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Central Department of Zoology Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur  Kathmandu Nepal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2789-9039","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Janak Raj","family":"Subedi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Central Department of Zoology Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur  Kathmandu Nepal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3977-9085","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pitambar","family":"Dhakal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Central Department of Zoology Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur  Kathmandu Nepal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4899-7212","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rajendra Prasad","family":"Parajuli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Central Department of Zoology Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur  Kathmandu Nepal"},{"name":"Herbert Wertheim School of Public Health and Human Longevity Science University of California San Diego (UCSD)  San Diego California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/923561"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","first-page":"701","article-title":"Prevalence and Diversity of Gastrointestinal Parasites in Domestic Buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis Linnaeus, 1758) Reared Under Captive and Semi\u2010Captive Conditions in Ratnanagar, Chitwan, Nepal","volume":"68","author":"Adhikari R. 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