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An early, precise and low\u2010invasive diagnosis is essential, due to some CMTs being malignant and having a poor prognosis. Fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) and blood tests are both low\u2010invasive diagnostic methods that have been used in veterinary medicine. However, the perfect biomarkers should be identified to diagnose and evaluate the prognosis of CMTs. This review focuses on biomarkers that can be tested by FNA or blood samples based on current literature. Until now, the most studied biomarkers of FNAC, such as Ki\u201067, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER\u20102), oestrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), P53, E\u2010cadherin and cyclooxygenase\u20102 (COX\u20102). Some common blood biomarkers that have been widely studied include lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), C\u2010reactive protein (CRP), carbohydrate antigen 15\u20103 (CA15\u20103) and carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA). The novel biomarkers will also be mentioned: cancer stem cells (CSCs), circulating tumour cells (CTCs), miRNAs and circulating cell\u2010free DNA (cfDNA); they are all useful markers. Copper ion and serum ferritin (SF) are good markers of human breast cancer; they may be candidates of CMTs biomarkers, too. In conclusion, many biomarkers are suitable for diagnosing and\/or prognosing CMTs; combining a couple of them can increase the specificity; more detailed research should be done.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/vms3.70280","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,17]],"date-time":"2025-03-17T06:18:32Z","timestamp":1742192312000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Low\u2010Invasive Biomarkers of Canine Mammary Tumours"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Luo","family":"Xinyi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Applied Technology on Green\u2010Eco\u2010Healthy Animal Husbandry of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Animal Health Inspection &amp; Internet Technology, Zhejiang International Science and Technology Cooperation Base for Veterinary Medicine and Health Management, China\u2010Australia Joint Laboratory for Animal Health Big Data Analytics College of Animal Science and Technology &amp; College of Veterinary Medicine of Zhejiang A&amp;F University  Hangzhou Zhejiang..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liu","family":"Jinlong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Applied Technology on Green\u2010Eco\u2010Healthy Animal Husbandry of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Animal Health Inspection &amp; Internet Technology, Zhejiang International Science and Technology Cooperation Base for Veterinary Medicine and Health Management, China\u2010Australia Joint Laboratory for Animal Health Big Data Analytics College of Animal Science and Technology &amp; College of Veterinary Medicine of Zhejiang A&amp;F University  Hangzhou Zhejiang..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7056-0463","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhou","family":"Bin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Applied Technology on Green\u2010Eco\u2010Healthy Animal Husbandry of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Animal Health Inspection &amp; Internet Technology, Zhejiang International Science and Technology Cooperation Base for Veterinary Medicine and Health Management, China\u2010Australia Joint Laboratory for Animal Health Big Data Analytics College of Animal Science and Technology &amp; College of Veterinary Medicine of Zhejiang A&amp;F University  Hangzhou Zhejiang..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","article-title":"The Effects of Piroxicam and Deracoxib on Canine Mammary Tumour Cell Line","volume":"1","author":"Alkan F. 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