{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T03:47:25Z","timestamp":1785383245154,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,19]],"date-time":"2025-03-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1742342400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":18,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Medicine &amp;amp; Sci"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study aimed to characterize the pharmacokinetic profiles of milbemycin oxime in Pekingese dogs following a single oral (PO) and intravenous (IV) dose. Six clinically healthy Pekingese dogs, with an average body weight (BW) of 4.75\u00a0kg, were included. Each dog received an IV injection of milbemycin oxime solution and PO doses of both milbemycin oxime tablets and nanoemulsion, all administered at 1\u00a0mg\/kg BW.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Blood samples (\u223c0.6\u00a0mL) were collected at various time points, and milbemycin oxime concentrations were measured using a validated high\u2010performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method with ultraviolet (UV) detection. Pharmacokinetic parameters were obtained through non\u2010compartmental analysis (NCA) using WinNonLin software.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Oral administration of milbemycin oxime tablets resulted in a peak concentration (\n                      <jats:italic>C<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sub>max<\/jats:sub>\n                      ) of 0.33\u00a0\u00b1\u00a00.07\u00a0\u00b5g\/mL at 2.47\u00a0\u00b1\u00a01.90\u00a0h, with a mean residence time (MRT) of 21.96\u00a0\u00b1\u00a014.43\u00a0h and an absolute bioavailability of 51.44%\u00a0\u00b1\u00a021.76%. In contrast, the nanoemulsion achieved a significantly higher\n                      <jats:italic>C<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sub>max<\/jats:sub>\n                      of 8.87\u00a0\u00b1\u00a01.88\u00a0\u00b5g\/mL, with a much quicker time to peak concentration (\n                      <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sub>max<\/jats:sub>\n                      ) at 0.33\u00a0\u00b1\u00a00.13\u00a0h, an MRT of 21.74\u00a0\u00b1\u00a018.21\u00a0h, and an absolute bioavailability of 99.26%\u00a0\u00b1\u00a012.14%. After IV administration, total clearance (Cl) and steady\u2010state volume of distribution (\n                      <jats:italic>V<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sub>SS<\/jats:sub>\n                      ) were 0.13\u00a0\u00b1\u00a00.06\u00a0mL\/kg\/h and 2.36\u00a0\u00b1\u00a00.73\u00a0mL\/kg, respectively.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These findings demonstrate that the milbemycin oxime nanoemulsion is absorbed more rapidly and completely, with significantly higher bioavailability than the tablet form. This suggests that the nanoemulsion could effectively overcome the issues of poor diffusion and low bioavailability associated with tablet formulations, positioning it as a promising alternative to traditional milbemycin oxime tablets.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/vms3.70312","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,19]],"date-time":"2025-03-19T04:55:44Z","timestamp":1742360144000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Pharmacokinetics of Milbemycin Oxime in Pekingese Dogs after Single Oral and Intravenous Administration"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-3893-5074","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ze\u2010En","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Technology Henan University of Science and Technology  Luoyang China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ming\u2010Hui","family":"Duan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Technology Henan University of Science and Technology  Luoyang China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"Dai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Technology Henan University of Science and Technology  Luoyang China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yang\u2010Guang","family":"Jin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Technology Henan University of Science and Technology  Luoyang China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yue","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Technology Henan University of Science and Technology  Luoyang China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yan\u2010Ni","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Technology Henan University of Science and Technology  Luoyang China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xing\u2010Ping","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Technology Henan University of Science and Technology  Luoyang China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fan","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Technology Henan University of Science and Technology  Luoyang China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,19]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.1991.53.04.513","article-title":"Efficacy of Milbemycin Oxime Against Naturally Acquired or Experimentally Induced Ancylostoma spp and Trichuris vulpis Infections in Dogs","volume":"53","author":"Blagburn B. 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