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Currently, there is little research regarding the impact of chemical compounds on the ultrastructure and motility of adult\n                    <jats:italic>F. hepatica<\/jats:italic>\n                    . The present study aims to assess the effect of Vanadate erbium\/silver oxide (ErVO\n                    <jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\n                    \/AgO) and Vanadate iron\/silver oxide (FeVO\n                    <jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\n                    \/AgO) nanoparticles against liver fluke\n                    <jats:italic>F. hepatica<\/jats:italic>\n                    , in vitro assay.\n                    <jats:italic>Fasciola hepatica<\/jats:italic>\n                    adult worms were collected from the livers and gallbladders of sheep and goats centrality of Iran. One hundred fresh worms were incubated with each nanoparticle concentration of 4.5\u20136\u00a0mg\/mL FeVO\n                    <jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\n                    \/AgO and ErVO\n                    <jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\n                    \/AgO (test, groups) in comparison to triclabendazole 5\u201320\u00a0\u00b5g\/mL (positive control) and RPMI media culture (negative control) after 12 and 24 hours of treatment. To ensure the reliability of the data, the tests on the sample were performed twice. The effectiveness of these compounds was evaluated by examining parasite movement, reaction to vital stain and changes in the tegument through scanning electron microscopy (SEM) using Fisher statistical tests and logistic regression. Analysis of variance was performed to compare Kaplan\u2013Meier and Cox groups and models to analyse parasite survival. In addition, the anthelmintic efficacy was measured as the mortality rate based on the number of live and dead worms. The mortality ratios show that the anthelmintic activities of the compounds highly relied on time and concentration, as time and concentration increased, increasing the mortality rate. Lethal concentration 50 (LC\n                    <jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>\n                    ) of FeVO\n                    <jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\n                    \/AgO and ErVO\n                    <jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\n                    \/AgO are 4, 4.7 and 5\u00a0mg\/mL at 24\u00a0h, respectively. FeVO\n                    <jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\n                    \/AgO showed more lethal effects on\n                    <jats:italic>F. hepatica<\/jats:italic>\n                    than on ErVO\n                    <jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\n                    \/AgO and triclabendazole. SEM analysis of treated\n                    <jats:italic>F. hepatica<\/jats:italic>\n                    by both nanoparticles at a concentration of 6\u00a0mg\/mL showed that the tegument surface of fasciola is swollen in some parts, the pores on the tegument surface are completely visible, the sensory papillae are lost, the tegument is severely damaged and the prominent network structure and its vesicles have completely disappeared.\n                    <jats:italic>F. hepatica<\/jats:italic>\n                    is more susceptible to the lethal effects of FeVO\n                    <jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\n                    \/AgO and ErVO\n                    <jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\n                    \/AgO nanoparticles. The effectiveness of these compounds depends on the concentration and time of the drug's effect, in such a way that the effectiveness increases with the increase in concentration and time.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/vms3.70357","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,28]],"date-time":"2025-04-28T13:50:03Z","timestamp":1745848203000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["In Vitro Effects of Vanadate Erbium\/Silver Oxide (ErVO\n                    <sub>4<\/sub>\n                    \/AgO) and Vanadate Iron\/Silver Oxide (FeVO\n                    <sub>4<\/sub>\n                    \/AgO) Nanoparticles on the Adult of\n                    <i>Fasciola hepatica<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8867-447X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arbabi","family":"Mohsen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Parasitology Mycology, School of Medicine Kashan University of Medical Sciences  Kashan Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Esmaili","family":"Monireh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Parasitology Mycology, School of Medicine Kashan University of Medical Sciences  Kashan Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hooshyar","family":"Hossein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Parasitology Mycology, School of Medicine Kashan University of Medical Sciences  Kashan Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Delavari","family":"Mahdi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Parasitology Mycology, School of Medicine Kashan University of Medical Sciences  Kashan Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sobhani Nasab","family":"Ali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Physiology Research Center Institute for Basic Sciences Kashan University of Medical Sciences  Kashan Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nejati","family":"Majid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Anatomical Sciences Research Center Institute for Basic Sciences Kashan University of Medical Sciences  Kashan Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-30270-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2023.108548"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/lam.13366"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10544-018-0285-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/life12050750"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S193679"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2019.12.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.02806-15"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2020.12.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182012002211"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/WHO-SEAJPH.WHO-SEAJPH_117_21"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0261166"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40089-016-0198-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2011.07.023"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jat.3654"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/trstmh\/trz093"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","first-page":"41","article-title":"Bioclimatic Analysis and Spatial Distribution of Livestock Fascioliasis in Iran","volume":"14","author":"Ghanimatdan M.","year":"2019","journal-title":"Iranian Journal of Parasitology"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms141121887"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/1744666X.2020.1677154"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mimet.2019.105698"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/evj.13149"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0084693"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2007.08.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0133086"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_26_1","first-page":"206","article-title":"Comparison of Scolicidal Effects of Amphotricin B, Silver Nanoparticle Sand Foeniculumvulgare Mill on Hydatid Cysts Protoscoleces","volume":"10","author":"Lashkarizadeh M. 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