{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T17:48:38Z","timestamp":1791395318874,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,23]],"date-time":"2025-05-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1747958400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":22,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,1]],"date-time":"2025-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1746057600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Medicine &amp;amp; Sci"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Biofilm formation significantly contributes to the rise of antimicrobial resistance, treatment failures and recurrent infections. Essential oils (EOs), particularly lavender EO (LEO), have gained attention for their antimicrobial and antibiofilm activities. This study investigates the effects of LEO and linalool on\n                      <jats:italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                      (\n                      <jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                      ),\n                      <jats:italic>Staphylococcus epidermidis<\/jats:italic>\n                      (\n                      <jats:italic>S. epidermidis<\/jats:italic>\n                      ), and\n                      <jats:italic>Candida albicans<\/jats:italic>\n                      (\n                      <jats:italic>C. albicans<\/jats:italic>\n                      ) isolates.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Materials and Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The chemical composition of LEO was analysed using gas chromatography\u2010mass spectrometry (GC\u2010MS). Eight clinical and reference microorganisms were tested, including four\n                      <jats:italic>C. albicans<\/jats:italic>\n                      , three\n                      <jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                      , and three\n                      <jats:italic>S. epidermidis<\/jats:italic>\n                      isolates, to assess their biofilm\u2010producing potential with the tissue microtiter plate method. Antimicrobial and antibiofilm activities of LEO and linalool were evaluated in planktonic, single\u2010biofilm, and dual\u2010biofilm phases through microbroth dilution and scanning electron microscopy (SEM).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal\/fungicidal concentration (MBC\/MFC) of LEO in the planktonic phase were 1250\u00a0\u00b5g\/mL and 2500\u00a0\u00b5g\/mL against\n                      <jats:italic>Staphylococcus<\/jats:italic>\n                      isolates, respectively, while the corresponding value for\n                      <jats:italic>C. albicans<\/jats:italic>\n                      isolates was 5000\u00a0\u00b5g\/mL. 90% biofilm inhibition was achieved at concentrations of 5000\u00a0\u00b5g\/mL and 40,000\u00a0\u00b5g\/mL for\n                      <jats:italic>Staphylococcus<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>C. albicans<\/jats:italic>\n                      , respectively. LEO completely inhibited dual biofilms formed by\n                      <jats:italic>C. albicans<\/jats:italic>\n                      \/\n                      <jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>C. albicans<\/jats:italic>\n                      \/\n                      <jats:italic>S. epidermidis<\/jats:italic>\n                      at 20,000\u00a0\u00b5g\/mL, whereas linalool attained 100% inhibition at 40,000\u00a0\u00b5g\/mL.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      LEO demonstrates significant antimicrobial and antibiofilm activity against\n                      <jats:italic>Staphylococcus<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>C. albicans<\/jats:italic>\n                      isolates, effective in both planktonic and biofilm phases.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/vms3.70407","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,23]],"date-time":"2025-05-23T06:27:07Z","timestamp":1747981627000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Evaluating the Antimicrobial and Antibiofilm Efficacy of Lavender Essential Oil and Linalool on Dual\n                    <i>Candida albicans<\/i>\n                    Biofilms With\n                    <i>Staphylococcus aureus<\/i>\n                    and\n                    <i>Staphylococcus epidermidis<\/i>\n                    From Canine External Otitis"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3702-3586","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Navid","family":"Neisari","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology Faculty of Veterinary Medicine University of Tehran  Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6442-0053","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aghil","family":"Sharifzadeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology Faculty of Veterinary Medicine University of Tehran  Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2373-4667","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bahar Nayeri","family":"Fasaei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology Faculty of Veterinary Medicine University of Tehran  Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3659-6745","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sepideh","family":"Asadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Amol University of Special 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