{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,23]],"date-time":"2026-03-23T13:13:45Z","timestamp":1774271625152,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,10]],"date-time":"2025-07-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1752105600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":9,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]],"date-time":"2025-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751328000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Medicine &amp;amp; Sci"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Tissue engineering utilizing hydrogels and scaffolds composed of organic and synthetic materials has emerged as a promising approach for bone repair. Chitosan, a biocompatible natural polymer, supports bone healing and possesses antibacterial and antioxidant properties. Fennel (\n                      <jats:italic>Foeniculum vulgare<\/jats:italic>\n                      ), known for its traditional use in treating osteoporosis in females, exhibits phytoestrogenic properties.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study investigated the osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) cultured within chitosan hydrogels incorporating fennel seed extract.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) were employed to characterize the chitosan films containing fennel extract. MSCs were isolated from ovine foetal bone marrow and subjected to various concentrations of fennel hydroalcoholic extract and hydrogels containing these extracts. Cell viability was assessed using the MTT assay. Following osteoblast differentiation, gene expression of osteogenic markers (ALP, Runx2 and COL1A1) was evaluated using real\u2010time PCR, alongside assessments of calcium deposition, alkaline phosphatase activity and ALP expression. Alizarin red staining was performed to quantify mineralized matrix deposition.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The MTT assay revealed that the 0.5% extract treatment group significantly enhanced MSC proliferation. Notably, MSCs cultured on the chitosan film containing 1% fennel extract demonstrated increased numbers of hydroxyapatite deposits, elevated ALP activity and calcium content and upregulated expression of osteogenic genes (ALP, Runx2 and COL1A1). Acridine orange\/ethidium bromide staining confirmed the non\u2010toxicity of the extract in all treatment groups.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These findings demonstrate that chitosan hydrogels incorporating fennel seed extract can effectively induce osteogenic differentiation of MSCs, highlighting their potential as a promising strategy for bone tissue regeneration.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/vms3.70460","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,10]],"date-time":"2025-07-10T17:00:33Z","timestamp":1752166833000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A Hydrogel Scaffold Incorporating Fennel Seed Extract Induces Osteogenic Differentiation in Mesenchymal Stem Cells"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Kosar","family":"Heidari","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Basic Sciences and Pathobiology Department Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Razi University  Kermanshah Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tayebeh","family":"Mohammadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Basic Sciences and Pathobiology Department Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Razi University  Kermanshah Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Leila","family":"Soltani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Sciences College of Agriculture and Natural Resources Razi University  Kermanshah Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mehrdad","family":"PooyanMehr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Basic Sciences and Pathobiology Department Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Razi University  Kermanshah Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,10]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","first-page":"9","article-title":"Recent Advances in Mesenchymal Stem Cell Therapy for Bone and Cartilage Regeneration","volume":"12","author":"Anderson M.","year":"2024","journal-title":"Research & Reviews"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.34336"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","first-page":"71","article-title":"Effect of Growth Factors of Platelet Gel on Proliferation and Differentiation of Mesenchymal Stem Cells","volume":"6","author":"Amani M.","year":"2009","journal-title":"Scientific Journal of Iran Blood Transfus Organ"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/21691401.2016.1236804"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.biomac.6b01604"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/ten.2006.12.2385"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","first-page":"167","article-title":"Investigation of Osteoblast\u2010Like Cells Cultured on Nano\u2010Hydroxyapatite\/Chitosan Based Composite Scaffold in the Treatment of Bone Defects and Limited Mobility","volume":"6","author":"Emamgholi A.","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nanomedicine Journal"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2020.00474"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.onano.2025.100235"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","first-page":"4293","article-title":"Improving Effects of Chitosan Nanofiber Scaffolds on Osteoblast Proliferation and Maturation","volume":"9","author":"Ho M. 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