{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,18]],"date-time":"2026-06-18T19:59:32Z","timestamp":1781812772488,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,10]],"date-time":"2025-07-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1752105600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":9,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]],"date-time":"2025-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751328000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Medicine &amp;amp; Sci"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Timeliness metrics analysis is a useful approach for tracking speed in actions and identifying gaps during disease outbreaks. There is limited information on the time taken for preventing, controlling and containing disease outbreaks in human and animal populations in Tanzania. We conducted timeliness metrics analysis on zoonotic and non\u2010zoonotic disease outbreaks which occurred between May 2019 and April 2023 in 10 selected districts within four regions located in the Northern (Arusha and Kilimanjaro regions) and Southern Highlands zones (Mbeya and Songwe regions) of Tanzania. Field\u2010based outbreak milestones for selected zoonotic diseases, namely rabies and anthrax and non\u2010zoonotic diseases, African swine fever (ASF), contagious caprine pleuropneumonia and Peste des petits ruminants, were recorded. Modified metrics for One Health Surveillance were employed to estimate the time used for disease outbreak detection, notification, verification, risk assessment, laboratory confirmation, inter\u2010sectoral sharing of information (for zoonotic diseases only), response and public communication. A total of 98 disease outbreaks, of which 63 were zoonotic (64.3%) and 35 were non\u2010zoonotic (35.7%), were recorded. These outbreaks were distributed across the Northern (68\/98) and Southern Highlands (30\/98) zones. The time taken to detect zoonotic disease outbreaks was significantly shorter (median = 2 days, range = 1\u201348 days) than the time taken to detect non\u2010zoonotic disease outbreaks (median = 3 days, range = 1\u201340 days) (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 0.0485). Furthermore, the time taken to detect disease outbreaks in the Northern zone was significantly shorter (median = 2 days, range = 1\u201348 days) than the time taken in the Southern Highlands zone (median = 7 days, range = 1\u201340 days) (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 0.0010). Variation between geographical locations was observed where in the Northern zone, a shorter time was taken to verify (median = 1 day, range = 1\u201314 days) and to respond (median = 1 day, range = 1\u201330 days) to disease outbreaks than in the Southern Highlands (verification time: median = 3 days, range = 1\u201330 days and response time: median = 30 days, range = 1\u201360 days). Such differences could be due to resource disparities in the two zones and shorter distance to access diagnostic facilities in the Northern zone. This is the first field\u2010based timeliness metrics analysis study carried out in Tanzania. Findings of this study may be utilised to guide animal and public health interventions for effective and efficient surveillance and control of emerging and re\u2010emerging infectious diseases. It is recommended that more investment is carried out in emergency preparedness for the timely management of zoonotic and non\u2010zoonotic diseases in Tanzania.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/vms3.70483","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,10]],"date-time":"2025-07-10T17:08:26Z","timestamp":1752167306000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["More Timely Response to Outbreaks of Zoonotic Compared to Non\u2010Zoonotic Diseases in Animals in Tanzania"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5517-1769","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Esron","family":"Karimuribo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences Sokoine University of Agriculture  Morogoro Tanzania"},{"name":"SACIDS Foundation for One Health Sokoine University of Agriculture  Morogoro Tanzania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-3322-6135","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Veronica","family":"Masawe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences Sokoine University of Agriculture  Morogoro Tanzania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lars Eik","family":"Olav","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of International Environment and Development Studies (Noragric) Norwegian University of Life Sciences  \u00c5S Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Doreen","family":"Ndossi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences Sokoine University of Agriculture  Morogoro Tanzania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ann\u2010Katrin","family":"Llarena","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Food Safety Unit, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Norwegian University of Life Sciences  \u00c5s Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Calvin","family":"Sindato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SACIDS Foundation for One Health Sokoine University of Agriculture  Morogoro Tanzania"},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology National Institute for Medical Research  Tabora Tanzania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4314\/gmj.v50i1.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/rode.12829"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2023.116457"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1373\/clinchem.2016.265850"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.47604\/jah.2508"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.13298"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/hs.2020.0139"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0305-750X(03)00100-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2022.101620"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","unstructured":"Ending Pandemics.2020. \u201cThe Salzburg Statement on Metrics for One Health Surveillance.\u201d Salzburg Global. 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Experience and Lessons From Epidemics Occurred in Tanzania During the Last Five Decades","volume":"13","author":"Karimuribo E. D.","year":"2011","journal-title":"Tanzania Journal of Health Research"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_11_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjgh-2018-001179","article-title":"Importance of Diagnostics in Epidemic and Pandemic Preparedness","volume":"4","author":"Kelly\u2010Cirino C. 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