{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]],"date-time":"2026-07-07T00:44:21Z","timestamp":1783385061021,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,23]],"date-time":"2025-07-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1753228800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Medicine &amp;amp; Sci"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>\n                      affects human health through intestinal and extraintestinal infections. Avian pathogenic\n                      <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                      (APEC) contributes to colibacillosis in poultry and can develop public health risks. Antibiotic resistance and biofilm\u2010producer strains are challenges in infection control options.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      This study aimed to characterize phenotypic and genotypic antibiotic resistance profiles as well as biofilm formation assay in\n                      <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                      isolates from clinical and poultry samples.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      In the study, 42\n                      <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                      isolates were collected and confirmed from clinical and poultry sources. The isolates were evaluated for pathotypes using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Antibiotic resistance was evaluated using the disk diffusion technique and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) tests. PCR was utilized to identify antimicrobial resistance genes associated with fluoroquinolones, sulphonamides, tetracyclines and beta\u2010lactams. Biofilm formation was evaluated using a 96\u2010well microtiter plate.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Three clinical isolates, including enteropathogenic\n                      <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                      (EPEC), enteroaggregative\n                      <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                      (EAEC) and enterotoxigenic\n                      <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                      (ETEC), were identified as pathogenic strains. The highest rates of resistance were recorded against tylosin (100%), neomycin (92.85%), tetracycline (85.7%), ampicillin (73.8%), doxycycline (71.4%), ciprofloxacin (64.28%), trimethoprim\/sulfamethoxazole (64.28%) and enrofloxacin (57.1%). The most prevalent resistance genes detected as\n                      <jats:italic>blaTEM<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>gyrA<\/jats:italic>\n                      \/\n                      <jats:italic>B<\/jats:italic>\n                      (97.6% and 76.1%, respectively). The overall prevalence of\n                      <jats:italic>blaCTX, sul1, sul2, tetA<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>tetB<\/jats:italic>\n                      genes were 21.4%, 45.2%, 11.9%, 33.3% and 7.1%, respectively. The\n                      <jats:italic>qnrB, qnrB4<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>qnrS<\/jats:italic>\n                      genes were absent in the clinical samples, whereas present in poultry isolates. All isolates were biofilm producers, and 96.4% of poultry isolates had strong biofilm formation capacity.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The alarming levels of resistance genes and biofilm formation of isolates in the present study emphasize the need for antibiotic management practices and further research on resistance transmission dynamics in the food industry.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/vms3.70510","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,23]],"date-time":"2025-07-23T15:18:40Z","timestamp":1753283920000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Biofilm Formation and Antibiotic Resistance Genes of\n                    <i>Escherichia coli<\/i>\n                    From Poultry Farms and Clinical Samples"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Arina","family":"Sasoon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Microbiology Research Center Qazvin University of Medical Sciences  Qazvin Iran"},{"name":"Student Research Committee Qazvin University of Medical Sciences  Qazvin Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0369-8179","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Farhad","family":"Nikkhahi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Microbiology Research Center Qazvin University of Medical Sciences  Qazvin Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amir","family":"Javadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Microbiology Research Center Qazvin University of Medical Sciences  Qazvin Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samira","family":"Sabzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Microbiology Research Center Qazvin University of Medical Sciences  Qazvin Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohadeseh Ostovari","family":"Deilamani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Microbiology Research Center Qazvin University of Medical Sciences  Qazvin Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Niloofar","family":"Kiaheyrati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Microbiology Research Center Qazvin University of Medical Sciences  Qazvin Iran"},{"name":"Student Research Committee Qazvin University of Medical Sciences  Qazvin Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amin","family":"Karampour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Microbiology Research Center Qazvin University of Medical Sciences  Qazvin Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amir","family":"Peymani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Microbiology Research Center Qazvin University of Medical Sciences  Qazvin Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5960-6056","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fatemeh","family":"Fardsanei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Microbiology Research Center Qazvin University of Medical Sciences  Qazvin Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/6468942"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3855\/jidc.7997"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.45908-0"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","first-page":"370","article-title":"Diarrhoeal Disease in Relation to Childhood Malnutrition and Its Impact on Socio\u2010Economic Condition in Emerging Countries Like Bangladesh","volume":"6","author":"Alia R. 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