{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T01:10:51Z","timestamp":1792026651602,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":93,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,11]],"date-time":"2025-08-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754870400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Medicine &amp;amp; Sci"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Marine brucellosis, primarily caused by\n                      <jats:italic>Brucella<\/jats:italic>\n                      species, presents significant ecological and public health challenges, impacting marine biodiversity and posing zoonotic risks. Despite ongoing research, data on the disease's prevalence, host specificity and transmission within marine ecosystems remains limited, underscoring the need for comprehensive analysis.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      This review assesses\n                      <jats:italic>Brucella<\/jats:italic>\n                      infection patterns in marine mammals, focusing on prevalence, species susceptibility and implications for conservation and health strategies.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We conducted a systematic review and meta\u2010analysis using PubMed, Web of Science and Scopus, covering studies from 2001 to 2024. Random\u2010effects models were employed to analyse prevalence rates, transmission pathways and regional variations, accounting for high inter\u2010study heterogeneity.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The analysis revealed substantial variation in\n                      <jats:italic>Brucella<\/jats:italic>\n                      detection rates, ranging from 0.25% to 100%, with an average pooled prevalence of approximately 30%. Species\u2010specific susceptibility was identified, with cetaceans showing the highest infection rates (52%), followed by other marine mammals (30%) and pinnipeds (18%). High prevalence rates were observed in species such as striped dolphins and beluga whales, particularly in the Mediterranean and Arctic regions. Geographic patterns indicated Asia as the region with the highest prevalence (36%), followed by Oceania and Antarctica, suggesting environmental and population density factors may influence infection rates. Smaller studies displayed a tendency toward higher reported detection rates, indicating potential publication bias.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      This meta\u2010analysis underscores the widespread prevalence of\n                      <jats:italic>Brucella<\/jats:italic>\n                      in marine mammals and the pressing need for advanced diagnostics, strengthened surveillance and targeted interventions, particularly in high\u2010risk regions and species. An interdisciplinary, collaborative approach including the development of molecular diagnostic tools and international research partnerships will be essential to support conservation efforts and mitigate zoonotic risks associated with marine brucellosis.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/vms3.70557","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,11]],"date-time":"2025-08-11T13:52:27Z","timestamp":1754920347000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Brucellosis in Marine Mammals: Meta\u2010Analysis of Prevalence, Infection Patterns, Host Specificity and Zoonotic Potential"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Nasrin Sultana","family":"Tonu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Upazila Livestock Office and Veterinary Hospital, Barura  Cumilla Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anowar","family":"Hossain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Center, Hajee Mohammad Danesh Science and Technology University  Dinajpur Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4198-9452","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sadequl","family":"Islam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy and Histology, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Science Hajee Mohammad Danesh Science and Technology University  Dinajpur Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bristi Kona","family":"Debnath","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy and Histology, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Science Hajee Mohammad Danesh Science and Technology University  Dinajpur Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_15_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1348-0421.12474"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-43.2.229"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7589\/2017-03-050"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_5_1","first-page":"118","article-title":"Infection of California Sea Lions (Zalophus californianus) With Terrestrial Brucella spp","volume":"173","author":"\u00c1valos\u2010T\u00e9llez R.","year":"2014","journal-title":"Veterinary Microbiology"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3354\/dao02101"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0300985817707023"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7589\/2016-09-220"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.abn2422"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1286-4579(01)01427-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3354\/dao03644"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2016.10.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12834\/VetIt.2427.14954.2"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7589\/2012-06-165"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3354\/dao02926"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2015.10.007"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_15_17_1","first-page":"363","article-title":"Immunohistochemical Investigation in Striped Dolphins (Stenella coeruleoalba) With Brucella Ceti\u2010Associated Neurobrucellosis","volume":"55","author":"Di Francesco G.","year":"2019","journal-title":"Veterinaria Italiana"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1040638714532647"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3354\/dao03211"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7589\/JWD-D-23-00171"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0240178"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_22_1","unstructured":"Garofolo G. 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