{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T12:43:39Z","timestamp":1791377019954,"version":"4.3.2"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,30]],"date-time":"2025-09-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759190400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,30]],"date-time":"2025-09-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759190400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Medicine &amp;amp; Sci"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Camel milk (CM) may include foodborne pathogens, including\n                    <jats:italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    , posing a health risk to consumers. The presence of heavy metals, including lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd) and arsenic (As), in CM may pose adverse health effects. This research attempted to assess the frequency of\n                    <jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    , together with their virulence characteristics, and to quantify the quantity of heavy metals in CM. In this research, 115 raw CM samples were collected from different rural areas of Chaharmahal Bakhtiari province of Iran.\n                    <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                    isolates were determined using a combination of traditional biochemical techniques and PCR. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed using a panel of antibiotics from different classes. The identification of virulence genes in the isolated strains of\n                    <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                    was conducted by multiplex PCR. The levels of heavy metals in milk specimens were quantified using an atomic absorption spectrophotometer.\n                    <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    was identified in 19.13% of the samples, whereas\n                    <jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                    was present in 23.47%.\n                    <jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                    isolates showed high resistance to penicillin (95.59%), tetracycline (TE) (81.48%) and clindamycin (59.29%). Moreover,\n                    <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    strains showed high resistance to TE (90.90%), amikacin (81.81%), enrofloxacin (77.27%) and gentamicin (59.09%).\n                    <jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                    isolates frequently harboured\n                    <jats:italic>sea<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>nuc<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>tst<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>pvl<\/jats:italic>\n                    genes. In\n                    <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    isolates,\n                    <jats:italic>eaeA<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>bfp<\/jats:italic>\n                    genes, indicative of enteropathogenic\n                    <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    (EPEC), were most common. The average concentrations of heavy metals Cd, As and Pb in this investigation ranged from 0.0020 to 0.0053\u00a0ppm. This study found\n                    <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                    in some CM samples, emphasizing the need for improved hygiene. Although heavy metals were detected, their levels were generally low, requiring ongoing monitoring for consumer safety.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/vms3.70632","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,30]],"date-time":"2025-09-30T14:18:49Z","timestamp":1759241929000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Investigation of the Abundance of\n                    <i>Escherichia coli<\/i>\n                    and\n                    <i>Staphylococcus aureus<\/i>\n                    (Including Virulence Gene Profiles) and Heavy Metal Contamination in Camel Milk"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Elahe Yazdanian","family":"Ghahfarokhi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Hygiene ShK.C., Islamic Azad University Shahrekord Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-6946-7946","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amir","family":"Shakerian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center of Nutrition and Organic Products (R.C.N.O.P) ShK.C., Islamic Azad University Shahrekord Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Reza Sharafati","family":"Chaleshtori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases Kashan University of Medical Sciences  Kashan Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ebrahim","family":"Rahimi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary ShK.C., Islamic Azad University  Shahrekord Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,30]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","first-page":"50","article-title":"Determination of Some Heavy Metals and Proximate Composition of Camel, Cow, Goat and Sheep Milk","volume":"12","author":"Abba B.","year":"2021","journal-title":"ChemSearch Journal"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21608\/ejvs.2024.264588.1799"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13104-016-2088-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph120910254"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sjbs.2021.08.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4236\/ajac.2023.147016"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_2_12_8_1","first-page":"267","article-title":"Molecular Characterization of Antimicrobial Resistance Genes of Staphylococcus aureus Isolated From Mastitic Camel Milk in Egypt","volume":"15","author":"Ali M. 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