{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,5]],"date-time":"2026-06-05T02:20:34Z","timestamp":1780626034476,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,15]],"date-time":"2025-10-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1760486400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,15]],"date-time":"2025-10-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1760486400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Medicine &amp; Sci"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"abstract":"ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n \n Background<\/jats:title>\n \n Ziziphus spina\u2010christi<\/jats:italic>\n has been a part of traditional medicine for centuries in North Africa and the Middle East. Numerous secondary metabolites have been isolated from this plant, such as alkaloids, flavonoids, polyphenols, vitamin C and bioactive polysaccharides. Therefore, using\n Z. spina\u2010christi<\/jats:italic>\n leaf extract (ZSLE) is one of the recommendations for improving poultry performance and health.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Objectives<\/jats:title>\n The goal of this study was to explore the influences of ZSLE as a feed additive on broiler growth, carcass traits, digestive enzymes, immunological and antioxidant parameters, lipid profile and blood metabolites.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n A total of 250 one\u2010week\u2010old Arbor Acres broilers were distributed into 5 groups; each group contained 5 replicates with 10 birds each. The treatments were (1) basal diet (no additive, ZSLE\u20100), (2) basal diet\u00a0+\u00a02\u00a0g ZSLE\/kg (ZSLE\u20102), (3) basal diet\u00a0+\u00a04\u00a0g ZSLE\/kg (ZSLE\u20104), (4) basal diet\u00a0+\u00a06\u00a0g ZSLE\/kg (ZSLE\u20106) and (5) basal diet\u00a0+\u00a08\u00a0g ZSLE\/kg diet (ZSLE\u20108).<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n Z. spina\u2010christi<\/jats:italic>\n reduced feed intake while improving body weight gain and feed conversion ratio (FCR) (\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u00a0<\u00a00.05). During the 3\u20136 and 1\u20136 weeks, birds fed ZSLE\u20104 improved FCR compared with the other birds (\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u00a0<\u00a00.05). Compared to ZSLE\u20100, ZSLE\u20106 and ZSLE\u20108 had substantially greater gizzard and giblet percentages. However, ZSLE had no effect on carcass, dressing, liver or heart percentages. Birds fed ZSLE\u20104, ZSLE\u20106 and ZSLE\u20108 showed increases in amylase, lipase, protease, haemoglobin % (Hb), red blood cells (RBCs) and white blood cells (WBCs) count (\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u00a0<\u00a00.05). ZSLE supplementation had no effect on aspartate aminotransferase (AST) (\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u00a0>\u00a00.05), whereas ZSLE\u20104 and ZSLE\u20106 decreased alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels (\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u00a0<\u00a00.05). All ZSLE\u2010supplemented groups showed improvements in total protein, globulin and lipid profiles. ZSLE significantly decreased cholesterol, low\u2010density lipoprotein (LDL) and LDL\/high\u2010density lipoprotein (HDL) ratio. HDL was increased in ZSLE\u20104, ZSLE\u20106 and ZSLE\u20108 (\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u00a0<\u00a00.05). Birds fed ZSLE\u20106 and ZSLE\u20108 improved the immunoglobulins (IgA, IgY and IgM), bursa of Fabricius%, thymus% and spleen% compared with the other birds (\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u00a0<\u00a00.05). Additionally, lysozyme and C3 showed a significant linear influence. All ZSLE\u2010supplemented groups showed low blood glucose, creatinine, uric acid and malondialdehyde (MDA) (\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u00a0<\u00a00.05). ZSLE improved antioxidant capacity, and ZSLE\u20106 and ZSLE\u20108 showed the highest reduced glutathione (GSH), catalase (CAT) and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) levels (\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u00a0<\u00a00.05).\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n Collectively, ZSLE exhibits growth\u2010promoting, immunostimulant, antioxidant and hypolipidemic properties and can be employed as a natural extract in the diet of broiler chickens.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/vms3.70641","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,15]],"date-time":"2025-10-15T19:42:50Z","timestamp":1760557370000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Ziziphus spina\u2010christi<\/i>\n (L.) Leaf Extract Improves Growth, Feed Utilization, Digestive Enzymes and Blood Metabolites in Broiler Chickens"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Fayiz M.","family":"Reda","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Poultry Department Agriculture Faculty Zagazig University Zagazig Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hassan A.","family":"Rudayni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology College of Science Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU) Riyadh Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hemat K.","family":"Mahmoud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Production Faculty of Agriculture Zagazig University Zagazig Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nahed A.","family":"El\u2010Shall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department Poultry and Fish Diseases Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Alexandria University Alexandria Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdullah S.","family":"Alawam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology College of Science Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU) Riyadh Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmed A.","family":"Allam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology College of Science Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU) Riyadh Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mayada R.","family":"Farag","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Forensic Medicine and Toxicology Department Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Zagazig University Zagazig Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8020-0971","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mahmoud","family":"Alagawany","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Poultry Department Agriculture Faculty Zagazig University Zagazig Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Most","family":"Khairunnesa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dairy and Poultry Science Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science Gazipur Agricultural University Gazipur Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4314\/ajtcam.v4i3.31216"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2005.04.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/9046862"},{"issue":"10","key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","first-page":"271","article-title":"Computational Study of Antiviral, Anti\u2010Bacterial, and Anticancer Activity of Green\u2010Extracted Sidr (Ziziphus spina\u2010christi) Fruit Phenolics","volume":"6","author":"Abdulqahar F. 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