{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,23]],"date-time":"2026-03-23T13:04:27Z","timestamp":1774271067078,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759968000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759968000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Medicine &amp;amp; Sci"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    This study investigated the prevalence, diversity, and risk factors of tick infestation and\n                    <jats:italic>Theileria annulata<\/jats:italic>\n                    infection in cattle from District Peshawar, Pakistan. A total of 322 cattle of different breeds, ages, and sexes were examined between January and March 2024. The overall prevalence of tick infestation was 35.4%, with females more frequently infested than males. Exotic and crossbred cattle, particularly Holstein Friesian and Jersey, along with calves, showed higher susceptibility compared to indigenous breeds and older cattle. Morphological identification revealed\n                    <jats:italic>Rhipicephalus microplus<\/jats:italic>\n                    as the most prevalent species, followed by\n                    <jats:italic>Hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum<\/jats:italic>\n                    , while other species occurred at lower frequencies. Species distribution varied significantly across breeds, with\n                    <jats:italic>R. microplus<\/jats:italic>\n                    predominating in Sahiwal cattle and\n                    <jats:italic>H. anatolicum<\/jats:italic>\n                    strongly associated with Holstein Friesian. Molecular screening confirmed\n                    <jats:italic>T. annulata<\/jats:italic>\n                    infection, with the highest prevalence detected in female\n                    <jats:italic>H. anatolicum<\/jats:italic>\n                    , whereas\n                    <jats:italic>R. microplus<\/jats:italic>\n                    showed relatively low infection rates. Ecological analysis indicated moderate species diversity overall, with Holstein Friesian cattle exhibiting the greatest richness and dissimilarity in tick fauna compared to indigenous breeds. Tick burden severity was mostly moderate, and co\u2010infestation patterns were dominated by combinations of\n                    <jats:italic>H. anatolicum<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>R. microplus<\/jats:italic>\n                    . This study is the first to integrate molecular detection of\n                    <jats:italic>T. annulata<\/jats:italic>\n                    with ecological indices of tick diversity in cattle of Peshawar, providing a comprehensive picture of vector\u2013host\u2013pathogen interactions. The identification of breed\u2010 and age\u2010specific vulnerabilities highlights the need for targeted tick control strategies. These findings have direct implications for designing sustainable management programs aimed at reducing the economic and health burden of tropical theileriosis in endemic regions.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/vms3.70642","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T10:44:26Z","timestamp":1760006666000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Prevalence, Species Diversity, and Risk Factors of Tick Infestation in Cattle From District Peshawar, Pakistan"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Murad Ali","family":"Khan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Sciences Faculty of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Sciences The University of Agriculture  Peshawar Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zohaib","family":"Ali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Sciences Faculty of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Sciences The University of Agriculture  Peshawar Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Abdur","family":"Rehman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Sciences Faculty of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Sciences The University of Agriculture  Peshawar Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Raheela","family":"Murad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Sciences Faculty of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Sciences The University of Agriculture  Peshawar Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shabana","family":"Naz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Zoology Government College University  Faisalabad Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rifat Ullah","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Sciences Faculty of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Sciences The University of Agriculture  Peshawar Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-0543-2352","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Solomon","family":"Tesfay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology CNCS Mekelle University  Mekelle Ethiopia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marco","family":"Ragni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Soil Plant and Food University of Bari  Aldomoro Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ibrahim A.","family":"Alhidary","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Production College of Agriculture and Food Sciences King Saud University  Riyadh Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","first-page":"606","article-title":"Assessment of Repellency and Acaricidal Potential of Nigella sativa Essential Oil Using Rhipicephalus microplus Ticks","volume":"43","author":"Al\u2010Hoshani N.","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pakistan Veterinary Journal"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2022.809052"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11250-024-04022-x"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_12_5_1","first-page":"79","article-title":"Identification and Molecular Characterization of Theileria annulata With Associated Risk Factors in Naturally Infected Camels From Selected Districts in Punjab, Pakistan","volume":"43","author":"Aslam F.","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pakistan Veterinary Journal"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.47278\/journal.ijvs\/2023.078"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fsufs.2025.1566194"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens12101258"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_12_9_1","first-page":"17","article-title":"Bionomics of Hyalomma Ticks in Three Districts of Punjab, Pakistan","volume":"18","author":"Durrani A. 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