{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,26]],"date-time":"2026-07-26T17:00:46Z","timestamp":1785085246633,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,27]],"date-time":"2025-11-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764201600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,27]],"date-time":"2025-11-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764201600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Medicine &amp; Sci"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:italic>Malassezia pachydermatis<\/jats:italic>\n                      is frequently detected among the microflora of endothermic vertebrates, acts opportunistically, and contributes to the development of dermatitis and otitis in humans and animals. Treating chronic or recurrent cases of external otitis can pose a challenge, and replacing common antibiotics and antifungal agents with nanoparticles can be crucial in mitigating drug resistance. The present study investigated zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles' antifungal effects on\n                      <jats:italic>Malassezia pachydermatis<\/jats:italic>\n                      clinical isolates and Phospholipase A2 and Aspartyl proteinase gene expression.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Materials and methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Zinc oxide nanoparticles were prepared using the direct precipitation method at a concentration of 2000\u00a0ppm. Its antifungal potential was evaluated at concentrations of 1.95 to 2000\u00a0ppm by disk diffusion and micro\u2010dilution methods against ten isolates of\n                      <jats:italic>Malassezia pachydermatis<\/jats:italic>\n                      . The effect of this product on Phospholipase A2 and Aspartyl proteinase gene expression was investigated by Quantitative real\u2010time PCR method.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The results of the disk diffusion test showed that the highest inhibitory diameter was at the highest concentration of ZnO nanoparticles (23.9\u00a0mm), and the inhibitory zone was observed in dilutions up to 250\u00a0ppm. The minimum inhibitory concentration of ZnO nanoparticles was between 3.90 and 7.81\u00a0ppm, and the minimum fungicidal concentration was between 7.81 and 15.62\u00a0ppm. There was a significant reduction in Phospholipase A2 and Aspartyl proteinase gene expression in sub\u2010MIC concentration (1.95\u20133.90\u00a0ppm) (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.05).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The present study provides evidence of the concentration\u2010dependent antifungal activity of ZnO nanoparticles on\n                      <jats:italic>Malassezia pachydermatis<\/jats:italic>\n                      and suggests that they may be a viable alternative to traditional antifungal agents. Further research is necessary to explore the safety and efficacy of these nanoparticles in vivo.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/vms3.70646","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,27]],"date-time":"2025-11-27T14:35:52Z","timestamp":1764254152000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The Inhibitory Effects of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles on Clinical Isolates of Malassezia in Dogs"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Alaleh","family":"Vazifehdust","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Veterinary Medicine University of Tehran  Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2333-3361","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Donya","family":"Nikaein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology Faculty of Veterinary Medicine University of Tehran  Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matin","family":"Mozafari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Veterinary Medicine University of Tehran  Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-6964-551X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Masoomeh","family":"Khanipour Machiani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine Faculty of Veterinary Medicine University of Tehran  Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shahram","family":"Jamshidi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine Faculty of Veterinary Medicine University of Tehran  Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3262-012X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Javad","family":"Malakootikhah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Life Science Engineering Faculty of New Sciences University of Tehran  Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13204-017-0561-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.15.1.21-57.2002"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","first-page":"97","article-title":"Canine Otitis Externa\u2014Treatment and Complications","volume":"60","author":"Bajwa J.","year":"2019","journal-title":"The Canadian Veterinary Journal"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","first-page":"75","article-title":"Biology, Diagnosis and Treatment of Malassezia Dermatitis in Dogs and Cats: Clinical Consensus Guidelines of the World Association for Veterinary Dermatology","volume":"31","author":"Bond R.","year":"2020","journal-title":"Veterinary Dermatology"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2012.04.034"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2008.07.047"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biochi.2023.09.023"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/bioengineering10111259"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","volume-title":"Method for Antifungal Disk Diffusion Susceptibility Testing of Yeasts","author":"Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute","year":"2009"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2754\/avb201180030249"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","unstructured":"Goh J. P. Z.2023.Understanding Malassezia secreted proteases in host\u2010microbial crosstalk in skin health. Doctoral thesis Nanyang Technological University Singapore.https:\/\/hdl.handle.net\/10356\/172557."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","first-page":"309","article-title":"Etude Retrospective De 54 cas De Dermite a Malassezia Pachydermatis Chez Le Chien: Resultats Epidemiologiques, Cliniques, Cytologiques Et Histopathologiques","volume":"31","author":"Guaguere E.","year":"1996","journal-title":"Pratique M\u00e9dicale et Chirurgicale des Animaux de Compagnie"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0190-9622(98)70482-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/1.1866511"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/9781555817381.ch131"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00362176285190221"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/vms3.1316"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.49.8.3486-3488.2005"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jof6020093"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/vms3.814"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_22_1","volume-title":"Greene's Infectious Diseases of the Dog and Cat\u2010E\u2010Book","author":"Sykes J.","year":"2022"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/mmy\/myx134"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijleo.2015.08.124"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/mmy\/myx118"}],"container-title":["Veterinary Medicine and Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/vms3.70646","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/vms3.70646","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/vms3.70646","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,26]],"date-time":"2026-07-26T16:43:57Z","timestamp":1785084237000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/vms3.70646"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,27]]},"references-count":24,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/vms3.70646"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/vms3.70646","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{"has-review":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1002\/VMS3.70646\/v2\/decision1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1002\/VMS3.70646\/v2\/response1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1002\/VMS3.70646\/v2\/review2","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1002\/VMS3.70646\/v2\/review1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1002\/VMS3.70646\/v1\/decision1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1002\/VMS3.70646\/v1\/review2","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1002\/VMS3.70646\/v1\/review1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["2053-1095","2053-1095"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2053-1095","type":"print"},{"value":"2053-1095","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,27]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-04-10","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-09-18","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-11-27","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e70646"}}