{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,24]],"date-time":"2026-03-24T04:56:13Z","timestamp":1774328173889,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,19]],"date-time":"2025-11-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1763510400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":18,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]],"date-time":"2025-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761955200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Medicine &amp; Sci"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"abstract":"ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n \n Background<\/jats:title>\n \n Proteus mirabilis<\/jats:italic>\n is a common opportunistic zoonotic pathogen frequently linked to a wide range of human infections acquired in the community and hospital\u2010acquired infections. The emergence of antimicrobial resistance in\n P. mirabilis<\/jats:italic>\n , largely driven by antibiotic overuse in both human and veterinary medicine, poses a growing global concern. This study aimed to investigate the association between biofilm formation, virulence gene expression and antibiotic resistance in\n P. mirabilis<\/jats:italic>\n isolates collected from broiler chickens.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n \n A total of 50 isolates were confirmed as\n P. mirabilis<\/jats:italic>\n from faecal and tissue samples of 100 broiler chickens by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Antibacterial susceptibility was evaluated by the disc diffusion method, and nine virulence genes were screened by PCR. We also assessed the biofilm formation capability of the isolates using the crystal violet staining technique.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n Among the 50\n P. mirabilis<\/jats:italic>\n isolates, the highest antimicrobial resistance was observed against chloramphenicol and trimethoprim\/sulfamethoxazole (60%), whereas all isolates were fully susceptible to meropenem and cefepime. Multidrug resistance (MDR) was detected in 36% of isolates. Biofilm formation was demonstrated in 88% (\n n<\/jats:italic>\n = 44) of isolates, with 74% exhibiting strong biofilm\u2010forming capacity. All isolates harboured\n ireA, pmfA, atfA, zapA, hpmA<\/jats:italic>\n and\n ptA<\/jats:italic>\n virulence genes, whereas\n ucaA<\/jats:italic>\n was detected in 36% (\n n<\/jats:italic>\n = 18) of isolates and\n mrpA<\/jats:italic>\n was absent. The virulence gene\n zapA<\/jats:italic>\n was significantly more prevalent in biofilm\u2010producing isolates compared to non\u2010biofilm producers (\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u2264 0.05).\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n \n Poultry farms may represent an important reservoir of antimicrobial\u2010resistant\n P. mirabilis<\/jats:italic>\n . Our findings underscore the need for responsible antimicrobial stewardship in veterinary medicine, particularly regarding agents critically important for human health, such as cephalosporins, fluoroquinolones, carbapenems.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/vms3.70675","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,19]],"date-time":"2025-11-19T16:40:01Z","timestamp":1763570401000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Virulence and Antibiotic Resistance Profiles of\n Proteus mirabilis<\/i>\n Strains Isolated From Broiler Chickens: Implications for Poultry and Public Health"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Mohammad Reza","family":"Mohammadi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Microbiology Research Center Qazvin University of Medical Sciences Qazvin Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Niloofar","family":"Kiaheyrati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Microbiology Research Center Qazvin University of Medical Sciences Qazvin Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mohadeseh","family":"Khakpour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Microbiology Research Center Qazvin University of Medical Sciences Qazvin Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fatemeh","family":"Fardsanei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Microbiology Research Center Qazvin University of Medical Sciences Qazvin Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fariba Najar","family":"Hoseini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Microbiology Research Center Qazvin University of Medical Sciences Qazvin Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sona","family":"Sobhani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Microbiology Research Center Qazvin University of Medical Sciences Qazvin Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mahsa Fallah","family":"Zavaraki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Microbiology Research Center Qazvin University of Medical Sciences Qazvin Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gita Khorami","family":"Ejlali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Microbiology Research Center Qazvin University of Medical Sciences Qazvin Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nazanin","family":"Alijani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Microbiology Research Center Qazvin University of Medical Sciences Qazvin Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Farhad","family":"Nikkhahi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Microbiology Research Center Qazvin University of Medical Sciences Qazvin Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2024.102592"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1179\/2047773212Y.0000000042"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00284-013-0423-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2024.1383618"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_6_1","unstructured":"Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. \u201cPerformance Standards for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing \u201d34th ed. 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