{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,26]],"date-time":"2026-07-26T17:00:50Z","timestamp":1785085250940,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":80,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,30]],"date-time":"2025-12-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767052800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,30]],"date-time":"2025-12-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767052800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Medicine &amp; Sci"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Chemical castration offers a highly beneficial and safe alternative to surgical sterilization for stray male dogs.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study investigates the effectiveness of intratesticular (ITI) and intra\u2010epididymal (IEI) injections of clove essential oil for chemical castration in male dogs as a non\u2010surgical sterilization method.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Materials and Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Twenty\u2010four mixed\u2010breed male dogs were randomly assigned to four groups: two treatment groups receiving clove\u2010oil injections (bilateral ITI or IEI) and two control groups receiving saline. Blood samples were collected on Days 0, 3, 12, 21, 30 and 40, whereas semen quality and ultrasound data were analysed at 8\u2010 and 4\u2010day intervals, respectively, to assess testosterone levels, sperm quality and testicular and epididymal changes. Dogs were castrated on Day 40 for morphological and histological tissue evaluation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Both treatment groups showed significant decreases in sperm concentration, motility and viability and increased sperm abnormalities compared to control groups (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0&lt;\u00a00.05). ITI injection caused significantly greater testosterone decline (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0&lt;\u00a00.005), whereas IEI treatment produced notably enlarged epididymal tail volumes (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0&lt;\u00a00.0001). Histological evaluation demonstrated marked testicular necrosis, inflammation and fibrosis following ITI clove\u2010oil administration, whereas IEI alterations remained mild. Ultrasound assessments confirmed altered blood flow and echogenicity consistent with reproductive tissue damage after ITI injection.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Clove\u2010oil injections could provide an effective, less invasive alternative to surgical castration. ITI administration was simpler and produced permanent testicular damage, whereas IEI treatment induced mainly functional changes with minimal structural disruption by Day 40. Confirming reversibility of epididymal effects will require comprehensive long\u2010term investigation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/vms3.70749","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,30]],"date-time":"2025-12-30T13:01:31Z","timestamp":1767099691000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["A Comparative Analysis of Intratesticular Versus Intra\u2010Epididymal Injections of Clove Essential Oil on Male Dog Sterilization"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1383-2052","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Morteza","family":"Poormohammad","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Karaj Branch Islamic Azad University  Karaj Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-9339-9264","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammad Hossein","family":"Safari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine Faculty of Veterinary Medicine University of Tehran  Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-3785-6840","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shadi Emami","family":"Moghadam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Karaj Branch Islamic Azad University  Karaj Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6740-0610","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ourang Ataie","family":"Amarloie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Karaj Branch Islamic Azad University  Karaj Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8372-1019","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mehran Farhoodi","family":"Moghadam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Karaj Branch Islamic Azad University  Karaj Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-4833-7488","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pegah","family":"Valitabar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Avian Diseases Faculty of Veterinary Medicine University of Tehran  Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6704-4655","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fariborz","family":"Moayer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathobiology Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Karaj Branch Islamic Azad University  Karaj Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,30]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","first-page":"9","article-title":"Chemical Sterilization by Intratesticular Injection of Eugenia caryophyllata Essential Oil in Dog: A Histopathological Study","volume":"8","author":"Abshenas J.","year":"2013","journal-title":"Iranian Journal of Veterinary Surgery"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5455\/ajvs.179468"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2011.05.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749\u20106632.1987.tb25038.x"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_12_6_1","first-page":"12","article-title":"The Impact of Chronic Exposure to Manganese on Testiculaire Tissue and Sperm Parameters in Rat Wistar","volume":"3","author":"Boudou F.","year":"2014","journal-title":"International Journal of Natural Sciences Research Journal Homepage: International Journal of Natural Sciences Research"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/J.1467\u20108624.2004.00675.X"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10412905.1994.9698376"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_12_9_1","first-page":"32","article-title":"Canine Testicular Disorders and Their Influence on Sperm Morphology","volume":"11","author":"C\u00e2mara L. 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