{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T03:58:09Z","timestamp":1788839889329,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,14]],"date-time":"2026-01-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768348800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":13,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003121","name":"Ferdowsi University of Mashhad","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["3\/53680"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["3\/53680"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003121","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Medicine &amp; Sci"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The nutrient requirements of laying hens are not static but dynamic, changing throughout the day in response to the cyclic nature of egg formation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The current study aimed to evaluate the impact of the AM\/PM feeding regimen (AM\/PM\u2010FR), which involved higher levels of protein, amino acids and available phosphorus, and lower levels of Ca in the morning diet, with the converse in the afternoon diet, on aged laying hens.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A total of 300, 74\u2010week\u2010old Hy\u2010Line W36 laying hens were randomly assigned to a completely randomized design with 5 treatments, 6 replicates, and 10 hens per replicate. Experimental treatments included offering AM\/PM\u2010FR at 0% (control), 10%, 20%, 30% and 40% changing nutrient levels (CNL) between the morning (5:00 AM\u20132:00 PM) and evening (2:00 PM\u20135:00 AM) diets. The exposure program consisted of continuous lighting from 5:00 AM to 9:00 PM and darkness from 9:00 PM to 5:00 AM.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The feed conversion ratio (FCR) and economic profit, income minus feed cost (IMFC), improved with a quadratic trend in response to increased CNL of AM\/PM\u2010FR. Throughout the entire experimental period, birds fed AM\/PM\u2010FR at 30% CNL showed improvements of 4.57% in FCR and 17.55% in IMFC compared to the control group. A lower incidence of egg fractures and a higher yolk crude protein concentration were observed with a linear trend in response to increased CNL of AM\/PM\u2010FR. By increasing CNL of AM\/PM\u2010FR, the total tract apparent mineral (Ca and phosphorus) and ether extract retention improved with quadratic and linear trends, respectively. Non\u2010significant effects of the treatments were noted on egg quality, blood metabolites, bone mechanical properties and mineral contents.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>It was concluded that the use of AM\/PM\u2010FR at 30% CNL in aged laying hens may facilitate the precision nutrition and thus improve production and economic performance.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/vms3.70754","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,14]],"date-time":"2026-01-14T15:59:18Z","timestamp":1768406358000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Effects of AM\/PM Feeding Regimen on Productive Performance, Egg Quality, Bone Properties, Blood Metabolites and Nutrient Utilization in the Aged Laying Hens"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1031-1684","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mina","family":"Toroghian","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Science Faculty of Agriculture Ferdowsi University of Mashhad  Mashhad Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2739-2580","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Heydar","family":"Zarghi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Science Faculty of Agriculture Ferdowsi University of Mashhad  Mashhad Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hassan","family":"Kermanshhahi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Science Faculty of Agriculture Ferdowsi University of Mashhad  Mashhad Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ali","family":"Javadmanesh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Science Faculty of Agriculture Ferdowsi University of Mashhad  Mashhad Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_13_2_1","volume-title":"Official Methods of Analysis","author":"AOAC","year":"2002"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3382\/ps.0710482"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00071668.2011.641502"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_5_1","unstructured":"De los Mozos J. A.Sacranie andT.Van Gerwe.2014. \u201cPerformance and Eggshell Quality in Laying Hens Fed Two Diets Through the Day With Different Levels of Calcium or Phosphorous.\u201d InProceedings of the 25th Annual Australian Poultry Science Symposium 148\u2013151."},{"key":"e_1_2_13_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3382\/ps.0411461"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21608\/epsj.2020.96091"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3382\/ps.2009\u201000360"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_9_1","unstructured":"Fleischer H. E.Vorberg K.Thurow M.Warkentin andD.Behrend.2014. \u201cDetermination of Calcium and Phosphor in Bones Using Microwave Digestion and ICP\u2010MS.\u201d Paper presented at the 5th Imeko TC19 Symposium Lecce Italy."},{"key":"e_1_2_13_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ps\/82.3.436"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3382\/ps.0150141"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3382\/ps.0670902"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3382\/ps.0690264"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/1828051X.2021.2004248"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3382\/ps.0521124"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_16_1","volume-title":"Commercial Management Guide","author":"Hy\u2010Line","year":"2020"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/app14052163"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3382\/ps.2008\u201000157"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ps\/77.9.1333"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ps\/77.9.1320"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_21_1","volume-title":"Commercial Poultry Nutrition","author":"Leeson S.","year":"2009"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09291016.2017.1350445"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anifeedsci.2015.09.026"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3382\/japr\/pfy011"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00071668.2016.1209738"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3382\/ps\/pew424"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3382\/ps\/pex255"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/CIA.S49704"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0208921"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jpn.13942"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3382\/ps.0702460"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3382\/ps.2012\u201002465"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1071\/AN12345"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_34_1","volume-title":"SAS User's guide: Statistics (Version 9.4)","author":"SAS","year":"2014"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1751731114002092"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1214\/ss\/1177011945"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_37_1","unstructured":"UFFDA.1992. \u201cUser\u2010Friendly Feed Formulation Done Again.\u201dUniversity of Georgia."},{"key":"e_1_2_13_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psj.2023.102630"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psj.2021.101419"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/japr\/9.1.98"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/S0100\u2010204x2015000800010"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40104\u2010023\u201000829\u20100"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_43_1","unstructured":"Zarghi H. S.Zakizadeh andA.Zeaeei.2008.Effect of Split Diets on Laying Performance and Egg Quality of Hens During the Late Laying Period by Manipulating the Time of Access to Calcium and Phosphorus. In Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 81. Cambridge University Press."},{"key":"e_1_2_13_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psj.2020.08.057"}],"container-title":["Veterinary Medicine and Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/vms3.70754","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/vms3.70754","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/vms3.70754","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,26]],"date-time":"2026-07-26T16:44:46Z","timestamp":1785084286000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/vms3.70754"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"references-count":43,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/vms3.70754"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/vms3.70754","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{"has-review":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1002\/VMS3.70754\/v3\/review2","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1002\/VMS3.70754\/v3\/review1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1002\/VMS3.70754\/v1\/decision1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1002\/VMS3.70754\/v3\/response1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1002\/VMS3.70754\/v2\/review1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1002\/VMS3.70754\/v1\/review2","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1002\/VMS3.70754\/v2\/decision1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1002\/VMS3.70754\/v2\/response1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1002\/VMS3.70754\/v1\/review1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1002\/VMS3.70754\/v3\/decision1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["2053-1095","2053-1095"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2053-1095","type":"print"},{"value":"2053-1095","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2024-08-22","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-12-12","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-01-14","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e70754"}}