{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T15:47:15Z","timestamp":1791906435474,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":80,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,24]],"date-time":"2026-04-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776988800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,24]],"date-time":"2026-04-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776988800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Medicine &amp;amp; Sci"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Bovine tuberculosis (bTB) is a chronic zoonotic disease affecting cattle of all age groups, including wild animals. The objective of this systematic review and meta\u2010analysis was to provide a comprehensive and unbiased summary on the distribution of bTB and its associated risk factors in Africa.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We gathered and systematically reviewed literature concerning the prevalence of bTB in Africa, published in English from January 2000 to October 2024 in three databases, and a meta\u2010analysis was conducted using the Comprehensive Meta\u2010Analysis software. A total of 513 studies were retrieved, and at the end of the screening, 30 full texts were eligible for inclusion in the meta\u2010analysis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The results of this study revealed an overall pooled prevalence estimate (PPE) of bTB in Africa was 6.9%, with a higher burden being in Nigeria (9.2%) and Ethiopia (6.7%), respectively. Furthermore, immunoassays had a PPE of 31.9%. The results further showed that milk samples had the highest PPE with 17.9%. Our multivariable regression showed that overall bTB may be associated with the breed and body condition score (BCS). However, exploratory univariable regression showed that bTB may be associated with the Fulani breed, semi\u2010intensive production level and medium herd size.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The current research findings enable African nations to adopt targeted, cost\u2010effective and sustainable bTB control strategies that are more likely to succeed than generic, one\u2010size\u2010fits\u2010all programs by mapping prevalence, identifying risk factors and understanding socio\u2010economic contexts.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/vms3.70759","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,24]],"date-time":"2026-04-24T18:10:11Z","timestamp":1777054211000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Continental Prevalence of Tuberculosis Infection and Associated Risk Factors From African Cattle: Systematic Review and Meta\u2010Analysis"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6238-1695","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Khasapane","family":"N.G.","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Life Sciences, Centre for Applied Food Safety and Biotechnology Central University of Technology  Bloemfontein South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nkhebenyane","family":"S.J.","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Life Sciences, Centre for Applied Food Safety and Biotechnology Central University of Technology  Bloemfontein South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ramatla","family":"T.","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Life Sciences, Centre for Applied Food Safety and Biotechnology Central University of Technology  Bloemfontein South Africa"},{"name":"Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management North\u2010West University  Potchefstroom South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11250-016-1125-3"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","first-page":"135","article-title":"Prevalence of Bovine Tuberculosis in Dairy Cattle of Yeki District, Southern Ethiopia","volume":"6","author":"Admasu P.","year":"2014","journal-title":"African Journal of Basic & Applied Sciences"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2023.e17215"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0254091"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S146625231600013X"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21010\/ajid.v11i1.2"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CVI.00114-08"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/10482911231167166"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4314\/sokjvs.v16i2.11"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1079\/9781786391520.0031"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens9060472"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2533446"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/20008686.2021.1986919"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1051\/vetres:2005001"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_12_16_1","first-page":"3977","article-title":"Prevalence and Distribution of Bovine Tuberculosis Among Slaughtered Cattle in Cross River State, Nigeria","volume":"18","author":"Bikom P. 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