{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T13:03:46Z","timestamp":1787835826060,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,14]],"date-time":"2026-01-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768348800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":13,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Medicine &amp; Sci"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Tick infestation and tick\u2010borne diseases remain a major threat to small ruminant production in Sub\u2010Saharan Africa. In Ethiopia, favourable ecological and climatic conditions promote the survival of ixodid ticks, yet no systematic evidence has summarized their overall prevalence in sheep and goats.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Following the PRISMA 2020 guideline, a systematic search was conducted in databases (ScienceDirect, Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed, Wiley Online Library and African Journals Online) and other sources (Google Scholar and Google Engine). Studies published between January 2012 and August 2023 were included. A random\u2010effects model was applied to estimate pooled prevalence with 95% confidence interval (CI). Heterogeneity was quantified using the\n                      <jats:italic>I<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      statistic, and sources of heterogeneity were explored via subgroup analyses and a Galbraith plot. Publication bias was evaluated using funnel plots and Egger's test.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Seventeen studies involving 11,284 small ruminants (4787 sheep and 6497 goats) from seven regions of Ethiopia were included. The pooled prevalence of ixodid tick infestation was 49.95% (95% CI: 37.67\u201362.22). Infestation was slightly higher in sheep (50.88%; 95% CI: 38.99\u201362.77) than in goats (46.59%; 95% CI: 30.18\u201363.00), although the difference was not statistically significant. Among 21,429 ticks identified,\n                      <jats:italic>Rhipicephalus<\/jats:italic>\n                      (\n                      <jats:italic>Boophilus<\/jats:italic>\n                      ) was the most prevalent genus (52.8%), followed by\n                      <jats:italic>Amblyomma<\/jats:italic>\n                      (34.9%) and\n                      <jats:italic>Hyalomma<\/jats:italic>\n                      (12.2%), while\n                      <jats:italic>Haemaphysalis<\/jats:italic>\n                      was the least common (0.02%). Regional variation was considerable, with the highest prevalence in the Somali region (81.9%) and the lowest in Afar (36.6%).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Ixodid ticks are highly prevalent among small ruminants in Ethiopia and pose a continuing risk to productivity and health. Control strategies should prioritize\n                      <jats:italic>Rhipicephalus<\/jats:italic>\n                      (\n                      <jats:italic>Boophilus<\/jats:italic>\n                      ) and target high\u2010prevalence regions such as Somali and Dire Dawa. Future research should investigate breed susceptibility, disease associations and integrated control options.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/vms3.70788","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,14]],"date-time":"2026-01-14T09:26:52Z","timestamp":1768382812000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Prevalence of Ixodid Tick Infestation Among Small Ruminants in Ethiopia: A Systematic Review and Meta\u2010Analysis"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6155-315X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abayeneh","family":"Girma","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology College of Natural and Computational Sciences Mekdela Amba University Gimba Ethiopia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0023-6676","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Indiris","family":"Abdu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology College of Natural and Computational Sciences Mekdela Amba University Gimba Ethiopia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-0237-4360","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anchiye","family":"Getachew","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology College of Natural and Computational Sciences Mekdela Amba University Gimba Ethiopia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4314\/evj.v23i1.6"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","first-page":"459","article-title":"Status of Tick Infestation in Small Ruminants of Bedelle District, Oromia Region, Ethiopia","volume":"8","author":"Abunna F.","year":"2012","journal-title":"Global Veterinaria"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/vms3.878"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.29121\/granthaalayah.v5.i5.2017.1864"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-025-06690-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_7_1","first-page":"183","article-title":"Pattern of Ticks and Lice Infestation on Small Ruminants in Sokoto, Sokoto State","volume":"18","author":"Alayande M.","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nigerian Journal of Animal Science"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2017.02.015"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_9_1","unstructured":"CSA.2021. \u201cAgricultural Sample Survey. 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