{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,26]],"date-time":"2026-07-26T17:00:48Z","timestamp":1785085248075,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":78,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,14]],"date-time":"2026-01-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768348800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":13,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Medicine &amp; Sci"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Toxoplasmosis is a widespread zoonotic disease that poses risks to pregnant women and immunocompromised individuals. Despite considerable efforts, no licensed vaccines are currently available for humans or animals. Rational vaccine design increasingly relies on immunoinformatics approaches to identify immunodominant epitopes and key immunological features.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      This study aimed to characterise the\n                      <jats:italic>Toxoplasma gondii<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2010secreted protein with an altered thrombospondin repeat (TgSPATR) using immunoinformatics tools to evaluate its suitability as a vaccine candidate.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A comprehensive panel of bioinformatics servers was used to predict allergenicity, solubility, antigenicity, secondary and tertiary structures, post\u2010translational modification (PTM) regions, and B\u2010 and T\u2010cell epitopes, followed by in silico immune simulation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      TgSPATR consists of 534 amino acids with an estimated molecular weight of \u223c57\u00a0kDa. The aliphatic index (65.71) and GRAVY score (\u20130.507) indicate moderate thermostability and an overall hydrophilic nature. Additionally, a total of 120 PTM sites were predicted, including phosphorylation,\n                      <jats:italic>O<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2010 and\n                      <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2010glycosylation, and palmitoylation sites. Secondary structure analysis (GOR IV, SOPMA, and NetSurfP\u20103.0) revealed a predominance of random coils. Moreover, multiple servers (BcePred, SVMTriP, ABCpred, IEDB, ElliPro, and CTLpred) identified several high\u2010scoring B\u2010 and T\u2010cell epitopes capable of binding MHC class I and II molecules. According to SAVES v6.1, 74.1% and 93.8% of the residues of the initial and refined 3D models were located in favoured regions, indicating improved structural quality after refinement. In line with this, the ERRAT score also increased from 89.557 to 95.046. TgSPATR was predicted to be immunogenic and non\u2010allergenic. Finally, virtual immune simulation using the C\u2010ImmSim server showed that TgSPATR can elicit both humoral and cellular immune responses following three injections.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study provides foundational evidence that TgSPATR possesses key immunogenic properties and may serve as a promising vaccine candidate against acute and chronic toxoplasmosis. Nonetheless, wet\u2010lab experiments are required to validate these computational findings.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/vms3.70807","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,14]],"date-time":"2026-01-14T09:31:16Z","timestamp":1768383076000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Is\n                    <i>Toxoplasma gondii<\/i>\n                    \u2010secreted Protein With an Altered Thrombospondin Repeat (TgSPATR) a Potential Candidate for Immunisation? An Immunoinformatics\u2010Based Analysis"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8661-7217","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Masoud","family":"Foroutan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Basic Medical Sciences Faculty of Medicine Abadan University of Medical Sciences  Abadan Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3517-5535","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elaheh","family":"Karimzadeh\u2010Soureshjani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Student Research Committee Abadan University of Medical Sciences  Abadan Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0891-8214","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fatemeh","family":"Ghaffarifar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Parasitology Faculty of Medical Sciences Tarbiat Modares University  Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btv639"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2016.05.041"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_1","first-page":"235","volume-title":"Fundamental Immunology","author":"Berzofsky J. A.","year":"1993"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2004.02.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-4682-3-15"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/jmbi.1999.3310"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pmic.200300771"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compbiolchem.2019.107158"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M300865200"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gki396"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_12_1","first-page":"45","article-title":"Prediction of the Secondary Structure of Proteins From Their Amino Acid Sequence","volume":"47","author":"Chou P.","year":"1978","journal-title":"Advances in Enzymology"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pro.5560020916"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2022.106432"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1586\/14760584.2014.907528"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2105-8-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1550-7408.2008.00345.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.11.2.267"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_19_1","first-page":"17","article-title":"T\u2010Cell Immunity in Human Chronic Toxoplasmosis","volume":"41","author":"El\u2010Kady I. M.","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of the Egyptian Society of Parasitology"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.55.3.836-839.1985"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1745-7580-6-S2-S1"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tmrv.2016.03.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_23_1","first-page":"749","article-title":"In Silico Evaluation of Toxoplasma gondii Rhoptry Neck Proteins (TgRONs) for Potential Immunogenic Epitopes","volume":"24","author":"Foroutan M.","year":"2025","journal-title":"EXCLI Journal"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13104-021-05467-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2018.04.033"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/11779322251315924"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7774\/cevr.2018.7.2.93"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/0929866526666190228144219"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_29_1","first-page":"540","volume-title":"Methods in Enzymology","author":"Garnier J.","year":"1996"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1385\/1-59259-890-0:571"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_31_1","first-page":"681","article-title":"SOPMA: Significant Improvements in Protein Secondary Structure Prediction by Consensus Prediction From Multiple Alignments","volume":"11","author":"Geourjon C.","year":"1995","journal-title":"Computer Applications in the Biosciences: CABIOS"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/elps.200900140"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gupta R. andS.Brunak.2002. \u201cPrediction of Glycosylation Across the Human Proteome and the Correlation to Protein Function.\u201d InPacific Symposium on Biocomputing. Pacific Symposium on Biocomputing 310\u2013322.","DOI":"10.1142\/9789812799623_0029"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_34_1","article-title":"DeepTMHMM Predicts Alpha and Beta Transmembrane Proteins Using Deep Neural Networks","author":"Hallgren J.","year":"2022","journal-title":"BioRxiv"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-815041-2.00023-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btx345"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkt458"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkac439"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.01877-14"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkx346"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01195768"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parint.2010.02.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/20477724.2018.1446773"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coi.2022.102226"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/2229-5070.190814"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gks493"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-5793(90)80535-Q"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1107\/S0021889892009944"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00228148"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-0500-2-111"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkn202"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btn128"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btp386"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btq551"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkv1310"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2105-8-238"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1110\/ps.0239403"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bib\/bbaa038"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/bi00367a013"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2105-9-514"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0009862"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/protein\/gzn039"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.05013-11"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bib\/bbr055"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkl343"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/prot.21078"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Saha S. andG. P. S.Raghava.2004. \u201cBcePred: Prediction of Continuous B\u2010Cell Epitopes in Antigenic Sequences Using Physico\u2010Chemical Properties.\u201d InInternational Conference on Artificial Immune Systems 197\u2013204.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-30220-9_16"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.68.3.1026-1033.2000"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/emboj.2013.79"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2024.108883"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_71_1","volume-title":"Posttranslational Modification of Proteins: Expanding Nature's Inventory","author":"Walsh C.","year":"2006"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2019.01.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1000048"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-015-4824-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2009.02.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkm290"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-71337-3_10"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0045152"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14760584.2023.2157818"}],"container-title":["Veterinary Medicine and Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/vms3.70807","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/vms3.70807","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/vms3.70807","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,26]],"date-time":"2026-07-26T16:44:21Z","timestamp":1785084261000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/vms3.70807"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"references-count":78,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/vms3.70807"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/vms3.70807","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{"has-review":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1002\/VMS3.70807\/v1\/decision1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1002\/VMS3.70807\/v1\/review1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1002\/VMS3.70807\/v1\/review2","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["2053-1095","2053-1095"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2053-1095","type":"print"},{"value":"2053-1095","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-07-20","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-12-24","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-01-14","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e70807"}}