{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T09:49:24Z","timestamp":1791798564007,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,10]],"date-time":"2026-02-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770681600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,10]],"date-time":"2026-02-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770681600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Medicine &amp;amp; Sci"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Low\u2010pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) virus H9N2 has been endemic in Bangladesh since 2006. While the molecular epidemiology and pathogenicity of circulating tribasic H9N2 viruses are well\u2010documented in chickens, data on pathogenicity in quails remain limited. Given the fact that quails serve as potential mixing vessels for avian influenza viruses, understanding of currently circulating tribasic H9N2 viruses\u2019 pathobiology is crucial.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The aim of this work was to observe pathogenicity, including clinicopathological changes, virus shedding, and cytokine expression of the recent circulating tribasic H9N2 virus\u2013infected Japanese quails in Bangladesh.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A total of 64 quails were randomly assigned into two groups: an infected group (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 32) and a control group (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 32). Infected quails (at 4 weeks) received 500\u00a0\u00b5L of virus (10\n                      <jats:sup>6<\/jats:sup>\n                      EID\n                      <jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>\n                      \/mL) via the oculo\u2010nasal route. Quails were subsequently monitored for clinicopathological changes, virus shedding, and cytokine expression at various intervals until 70 days of age.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Infected quails exhibited decreased egg production (7%\u201324%) and reduced weight gain (5%\u201312%) compared to controls, though no mortality was observed. Gross lesions included congestion and mild\u2010to\u2010moderate haemorrhages in the trachea, lungs, intestine, and kidney until 10 days post\u2010infection (dpi). Histopathology revealed mild tracheitis, pneumonia, slight haemorrhages and degenerative kidney changes at different dpi. The virus replicated prominently in the trachea, lungs, intestine, and kidney up to 5 dpi, with peak shedding via the oropharyngeal route. Following infection, IL\u20108, TNF\u2010\u03b1, IFN\u2010\u03b2, and IFN\u2010\u03b3 were expressed in the trachea, lungs, intestine, and lymphoid organs at 2, 5, 10, and 15 dpi. Proinflammatory cytokine TNF\u2010\u03b1 was upregulated to the significantly higher levels (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2264 0.001) in trachea and lungs at 10 dpi in tribasic H9N2\u2010infected quails compared to non\u2010infected control group. Notably, quails exhibited a robust early antiviral response (IFN\u2010\u03b2 and IFN\u2010\u03b3 on 2 dpi) against H9N2 infection except for lymphoid tissues regarding IFN\u2010\u03b3.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study gives valuable insights into host\u2013pathogen interaction and confirms that the circulating tribasic H9N2 virus remains phenotypically low pathogenic in Japanese quails in Bangladesh but cause long\u2010term impairment of important productivity parameters (weight gain, laying rates).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/vms3.70834","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,10]],"date-time":"2026-02-10T10:32:09Z","timestamp":1770719529000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Chicken Origin Tribasic H9N2 Avian Influenza Virus Induces Potent Early Antiviral Response With Low Pathogenicity in Japanese Quails"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-0021-2949","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rupaida Akter","family":"Shila","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology Faculty of Veterinary Science Bangladesh Agricultural University  Mymensingh Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-1543-9445","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ismail","family":"Hossain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology Faculty of Veterinary Science Bangladesh Agricultural University  Mymensingh Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2558-2735","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rokshana","family":"Parvin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology Faculty of Veterinary Science Bangladesh Agricultural University  Mymensingh Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8212-7923","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emdadul Haque","family":"Chowdhury","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology Faculty of Veterinary Science Bangladesh Agricultural University  Mymensingh Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3392-2496","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jahan Ara","family":"Begum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology Faculty of Veterinary Science Bangladesh Agricultural University  Mymensingh Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3923\/ajava.2018.232.244"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v15020461"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/2049\u2010632X.12053"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci6010005"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid3008.231176"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13567\u2010017\u20100453\u20102"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917\u2010024\u201004346\u20108"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/22221751.2025.2498574"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.60015\/bjvas.vi.63"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2017.00062"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_12_1","first-page":"21","article-title":"Investigation of an Outbreak of Low Pathogenic Avian Influenza in Poultry in Bangladesh","volume":"3","author":"Jannat N.","year":"2013","journal-title":"International Journal of Livestock Research"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2019.104074"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_14_1","first-page":"59","article-title":"Experimental Assessment of the Pathogenicity of Avian Influenza Virus H9N2 Subtype in Japanese Quail (Coturnix Coturnix Japonica)","volume":"65","author":"Keshtkari M.","year":"2010","journal-title":"Archives of Razi Institute"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v13112245"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psj.2021.101318"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_17_1","volume-title":"Manual of Histologic Staining Methods of the Armed Forces Institute of Pathology","author":"Luna L. 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