{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T15:47:03Z","timestamp":1791906423170,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,10]],"date-time":"2026-04-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775779200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,10]],"date-time":"2026-04-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775779200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Medicine &amp;amp; Sci"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Canine distemper is a disease with high morbidity and mortality in domestic and wild carnivores caused by Canine distemper virus (CDV). Respiratory, gastrointestinal, dermatological, ophthalmic, or neurological disorders occur in dogs with canine distemper. CDV replicates in the central nervous system and causes non\u2010purulent encephalomyelitis. This causes damage to the brain and spinal cord.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The aim of the study was to reveal brain damage caused by the canine distemper virus in dogs using selected brain damage biomarkers and to determine which of these biomarkers are diagnostically significant in detecting brain damage.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Thirty\u2010six six dogs with neurological of distemper and 16 control uninfected dogs were included in the study. Dogs with neurological distemper have nasal discharge, myoclonus of the temporal, chest, back and leg muscles, hyperkeratosis of the tip of the nose and footpad (Hard\u2010pad). The disease was diagnosed by CDV Ag ELISA test and Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test. A complete blood count was performed on the blood sample with K\u2010EDTA. Venous blood gas measurement was performed in heparinised blood samples. The concentrations of neuron\u2010specific enolase (NSE), glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), creatine kinase BB (CK\u2010BB), adrenomedullin (ADM), activin A (ACTA), immunoglobulin G (IgG) and immunoglobulin M (IgM) were measured in serum using canine\u2010specific commercial enzyme\u2010linked immunosorbent assay ELISA kits.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Serum NSE, GFAP, CK\u2010BB, IgG, and IgM concentrations in dogs with neurological distemper showed statistically significant increases compared to healthy dogs (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.001), while no statistically significant differences were detected in ADM and ACTA concentrations (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      &gt; 0.05).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      There was a statistically significant increase in the WBC, LYM, and MON counts of dogs with neurological distemper compared to healthy dogs (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.01).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Serum NSE, GFAP, CK\u2010BB, IgG and IgM concentrations were found to be significantly increased in dogs with neurological distemper. The results of this study indicate that NSE, GFAP, and CK\u2010BB biomarkers may have diagnostic significance in determining brain damage.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/vms3.70894","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,10]],"date-time":"2026-04-10T14:54:31Z","timestamp":1775832871000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Evaluation of Selected Brain Damage Biomarkers in the Determination of Brain Damage in Dogs With Neurological Distemper"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8127-6994","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muhammed Mustafa","family":"Kapar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Selcuk University  Konya Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8210-6735","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mahmut","family":"Ok","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Selcuk University  Konya Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9299-4695","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"O\u011fuzhan","family":"Avc\u0131","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Selcuk University  Konya Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.20678"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ani12202852"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","first-page":"125","article-title":"The Nervous Form of Canine Distemper","volume":"13","author":"Amude A. M.","year":"2006","journal-title":"Veterin\u00e1ria Zootecnia"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","first-page":"68","volume-title":"Recent Advances in Canine Infectious Diseases","author":"Appel M. J. G.","year":"1999"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-4547(19980301)51:5<636::AID-JNR11>3.0.CO;2-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2008.09.023"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2013.07.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.siny.2007.01.020"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","first-page":"5","article-title":"K\u00f6pek Gen\u00e7lik Hastali\u011fi Virusunun Prevalansi Ve Seroepidemiyolojisi","volume":"18","author":"Cal\u0131skan E.","year":"2007","journal-title":"Etlik Veteriner Mikrobiyoloji Dergisi"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-801238-3.64251-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.braindev.2003.12.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.peptides.2014.04.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v15040834"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2004.04.021"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1638\/1042-7260(2000)031[0441:CDITCA]2.0.CO;2"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_11_17_1","first-page":"125","article-title":"Evaluation of the Effects of Ribavirin and Proanthocyanidin on the Clinical Outcome, Hematological and Biochemical Parameters, and Viral Shedding in Canine Distemper","volume":"12","author":"De\u011firmen\u00e7ay S.","year":"2023","journal-title":"Turkish Journal of Nature and Science"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/vetreccr-2020-001173"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiochem.2004.04.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2012.00185"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_21_1","first-page":"139","article-title":"Activin a Is Not a Reliable Prognostic Biomarker for Bilirubin Induced Neurotoxicity in Neonates","volume":"2","author":"El\u2010Mazzahy E. A.","year":"2022","journal-title":"PSJ"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2011.06.025"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_23_1","first-page":"31","article-title":"Haematology of Dogs Infected With Canine Distemper Virus","volume":"7","author":"Ezeibe M. C. O.","year":"2008","journal-title":"Sokoto Journal of Veterinary Science"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra041996"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1373\/clinchem.2005.065979"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2741\/s45"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.37.11.3634-3643.1999"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_11_28_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Evaluation of the Efficacy of Blood Gases and Hemogram Parameters in the Diagnosis of Non Neurogenic Distemper and Parvoviral Enteritis in Dogs With Acute Gastroenteritis","volume":"32","author":"Gulersoy E.","year":"2022","journal-title":"Revista Cientifica"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_29_1","first-page":"13","article-title":"Evaluation of Clinical, Hematochemical and Cerebrospinal Fluid Analysis Findings in Dogs Naturally Affected by the Neurological Form of Canine Distemper","volume":"144","author":"Gulersoy E.","year":"2022","journal-title":"Magyar Allotorvosok Lapja"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.30607\/kvj.610338"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_31_1","first-page":"2161","article-title":"Alteration of Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein Immunoreactivity in Astrocytes of the Cerebellum of Diabetic Rats and Potential Effect of Insulin and Ginger","volume":"5","author":"Hashish H. A.","year":"2015","journal-title":"Anatomy & Physiology"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.24070\/bjvp.1983-0246.002017"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2023.1240846"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-5728(88)90072-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2016.05.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.2002.tb01630.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_37_1","first-page":"85","article-title":"The Relationship Between Serum Neuron Specific and Neonatal Hypoxic Ischemic Encephalopathy","volume":"13","author":"Liu C. Y.","year":"2005","journal-title":"Chinese Journal of Birth Health & Heredity"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cca.2015.08.021"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00004647-199805000-00007"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_40_1","first-page":"1197","article-title":"Adrenomedullin Protects Rat Dorsal Root Ganglion Neurons Against Doxorubicin\u2010Induced Toxicity by Ameliorating Oxidative Stress","volume":"23","author":"Mahmoodazdeh A.","year":"2020","journal-title":"Iranian Journal of Medical Sciences"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2012.02.047"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_11_42_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Seroprevalence of Canine Distemper Virus(CDV) in the Free\u2010Roaming Dog (Canis familiaris) Population Surrounding Chitwan National Park","volume":"18","author":"McDermott I.","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nepal PLOS One"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4102\/jsava.v85i1.1110"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci11091243"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/861632"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.2009.06406.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1203\/00006450-200104000-00011"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_48_1","first-page":"1494","volume-title":"Small Animal \u0130nternal Medicine","author":"Nelson R.","year":"2019"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_49_1","first-page":"28","article-title":"Biomarkers of Hypoxic\u2010Ischemia Encephalopathy in Newborns","volume":"3","author":"Noorishakdam M.","year":"2020","journal-title":"World Journal of Peri & Neonatology"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ani12223223"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12681\/jhvms.28521"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_52_1","first-page":"127","article-title":"Purification and Characterization of human Neuron\u2010Specific Enolase: Radioimmunoassay Development","volume":"5","author":"Phalman S.","year":"1984","journal-title":"Tumour Biology: The Journal of the International Society for Oncodevelopmental Biology and Medicine"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.2011.02480.x"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_2_11_54_1","first-page":"26","article-title":"Clinical, Hematological and some Biochemical Changes in Dogs Infected with Canine Distemper","volume":"4","author":"Saaed M. M.","year":"2021","journal-title":"IOSR Journal of Agriculture and Veterinary Science"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2013.10.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17221\/31\/2019-VETMED"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_57_1","volume-title":"StatPearls [Internet]","author":"Sathe A.","year":"2023"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jemt.10053"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3892\/mmr.2016.5001"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_60_1","first-page":"173","article-title":"Canine Distemper","volume":"12","author":"Shell L. G.","year":"1990","journal-title":"Compendium of Continuing Education in Dentistry"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-0813.2004.tb14651.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17712\/1658-3183.1543"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/JPM.1999.064"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9568.2004.03478.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1292\/jvms.19-0502"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v13010099"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/S0103-84781997000200010"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.37.4.1049-1056.1999"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.152.19.588"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.peptides.2014.01.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.20546\/ijcmas.2020.909.404"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41390-022-01994-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.peptides.2013.11.025"}],"container-title":["Veterinary Medicine and Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/vms3.70894","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/vms3.70894","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/vms3.70894","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T15:06:56Z","timestamp":1791904016000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/vms3.70894"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,10]]},"references-count":72,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/vms3.70894"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/vms3.70894","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2053-1095","2053-1095"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2053-1095","type":"print"},{"value":"2053-1095","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-03-07","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-03-02","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-04-10","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e70894"}}