{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T15:47:22Z","timestamp":1791906442951,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,3]],"date-time":"2026-04-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775174400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,3]],"date-time":"2026-04-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775174400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Medicine &amp;amp; Sci"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Respiratory diseases significantly affect small ruminants, leading to considerable illness and mortality. These conditions are often multifactorial, resulting from interactions among pathogens, host immunity and environmental stressors.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study aimed to detect antibodies against major respiratory viruses, bluetongue virus (BTV), Maedi\u2010Visna virus (MVV), parainfluenza virus type 3 (PI\u20103) and Peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV) in sheep from the North Shewa Zone, Ethiopia.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A cross\u2010sectional serological survey was conducted between September and November 2018, involving 135 sheep from the Menz\u2010Mama and Menz\u2010Gera districts. Serum samples were analysed using enzyme\u2010linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA): competitive ELISA for BTV and PPRV and indirect ELISA for MVV and PI\u20103. Data were analysed using STATA software, and descriptive statistics were used to estimate the frequency of antibodies against the target viruses.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>PI\u20103 showed the highest seropositivity (60.74%), followed by PPRV (27.41%), BTV (12.59%)\u00a0and MVV (8.15%). Overall, 76.3% of sheep had antibodies to at least one virus, 26.67% to two viruses\u00a0and 2.22% to three. In Menz\u2010Mama, among 64 sheep tested, 3.13% were seropositive for MVV and PPRV, 37.5% for PI\u20103\u00a0and 18.75% for BTV. A total of 57.81% had antibodies to at least one virus and 3.13% to two. In Menz\u2010Gera, higher seroprevalence was observed: 12.68% for MVV, 81.69% for PI\u20103, 49.3% for PPRV\u00a0and 7.04% for BTV. A total of 92.96% of sheep had antibodies to at least one virus, 47.89% to two\u00a0and 4.23% to three, indicating substantial viral exposure and potential co\u2010infection.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These findings indicate widespread circulation of respiratory viruses, with PI\u20103 being the most seroprevalent. Integrated control measures, including enhanced surveillance, targeted vaccination and improved husbandry practices, are urgently needed to reduce the disease burden and support sustainable sheep farming in the region.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/vms3.70902","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,3]],"date-time":"2026-04-03T12:25:57Z","timestamp":1775219157000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Serological Investigation of Major Respiratory Viruses in Sheep in North Shewa, Ethiopia: Parainfluenza Virus, Bluetongue Virus, Maedi\u2010Visna Virus and Peste des Petits Ruminants Virus"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7154-1459","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Enyiew Alemnew","family":"Alamerew","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Amhara Agricultural Research Institute Debre Birhan Agricultural Research Centre  Debre Birhan Ethiopia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8406-0494","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Biruk","family":"Alemu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Livestock Research Institute  Addis Ababa Ethiopia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yeshitla","family":"Wondifra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Amhara Agricultural Research Institute Debre Birhan Agricultural Research Centre  Debre Birhan Ethiopia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-2138-5284","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tadiwos","family":"Asfaw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Amhara Agricultural Research Institute Debre Birhan Agricultural Research Centre  Debre Birhan Ethiopia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9846-0301","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fasil","family":"Aklilu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Health Institute  Sebeta Ethiopia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-4176-3989","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Firdawok","family":"Ayele","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Amhara Agricultural Research Institute Debre Birhan Agricultural Research Centre  Debre Birhan Ethiopia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8022-4212","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chekol","family":"Demis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Amhara Agricultural Research Institute Debre Birhan Agricultural Research Centre  Debre Birhan Ethiopia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4491-6646","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Derib","family":"Aydefruhim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Amhara Agricultural Research Institute Debre Birhan Agricultural Research Centre  Debre Birhan Ethiopia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9695-3759","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Erdachew","family":"Yitagesu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Amhara Agricultural Research Institute Debre Birhan Agricultural Research Centre  Debre Birhan Ethiopia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abdi A. 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