{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,29]],"date-time":"2026-10-29T08:45:43Z","timestamp":1793263543718,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,30]],"date-time":"2026-03-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774828800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,30]],"date-time":"2026-03-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774828800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Medicine &amp;amp; Sci"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Bovine tuberculosis (bTB) has been a major cause of morbidity and mortality in farm animals and the recent surge of\n                      <jats:italic>Mycobacterium tuberculosis<\/jats:italic>\n                      complex (MTC) in developing countries poses a serious threat to public and animal health. This study aimed to assess the herd\u2010level prevalence and associated risk factors of bovine TB in cattle in northeast regions of Bangladesh.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A total of 485 dairy samples (385 from dairy milk and 100 from vendor's milk) were tested by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) and indirect ELISA (enzyme\u2010linked immunosorbent assay) technique at 16 Upazilas from 4 districts in the Sylhet division of Bangladesh. Genomic DNA extracted from milk samples were targeted at IS6110 and RV1506c genomic fragments for PCR.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Among the 385 milk samples tested, 15 milk samples were positive for\n                      <jats:italic>Mycobacterium<\/jats:italic>\n                      genus by PCR (3.90%, 95% CI: 1.95\u20135.84). Also, 10 samples were found to be positive for\n                      <jats:italic>M. bovis<\/jats:italic>\n                      and the prevalence was 2.60% (95% CI: 1.00\u20134.19) and only 2 milk samples were positive for\n                      <jats:italic>M. tuberculosis<\/jats:italic>\n                      by PCR whose prevalence was 0.52% (95% CI: 0.00\u20131.24) respectively in individual milk samples. In vendor's milk sample, the trend was lowered for each bacterium and indirect ELISA results agreed with a similar pattern of prevalence. Cows having chronic cough was one of the significant risk factors of herd\u2010level prevalence.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Findings from this study necessitate a comprehensive program for TB surveillance of associated risk factors or protective factors in human, environment and animal interface.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/vms3.70906","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,30]],"date-time":"2026-03-30T11:52:45Z","timestamp":1774871565000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Bovine Tuberculosis in Raw Milk: A Herd\u2010Level Prevalence Study by PCR and ELISA Testing in Sylhet Region of Bangladesh"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Lipi Rani","family":"Basak","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Livestock Services  Bangladesh"},{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology Sylhet Agricultural University  Sylhet Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6760-3362","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Md\u2010Tariqul","family":"Islam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology Sylhet Agricultural University  Sylhet Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3604-2363","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sabuj kanti","family":"Mazumder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Genetics and Fish Breeding Gazipur Agricultural University  Gazipur Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dewan Mohammad Mahbubur","family":"Rajib","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology Sylhet Agricultural University  Sylhet Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammad Nizam Uddin","family":"Chowdhury","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bangladesh Forest Department Wildlife Center  Gazipur Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1761-2367","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Md. Irtija","family":"Ahsan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Public Health Sylhet Agricultural University  Sylhet Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8506-1202","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Md. Mukter","family":"Hossain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine Sylhet Agricultural University  Sylhet Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sultan","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology Sylhet Agricultural University  Sylhet Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A. T. M.","family":"Mahbub\u2010e\u2010Elahi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology Sylhet Agricultural University  Sylhet Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,30]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","first-page":"17","article-title":"Prevalence of Mycobacterium bovis Infection in Fulani Nomadic Cattle Herds Based on Intradermal Tuberculin Test at Rano, Kano State, Nigeria","volume":"10","author":"Abubakar U. B.","year":"2015","journal-title":"International Journal of Tropical Medicine"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2011\/814943"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1608.100314"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CVI.00205-07"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2023.1204525"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1079\/9781786391520.0031"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2005.05.015"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.29261\/pakvetj\/2018.038"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3923\/javaa.2010.2082.2084"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","first-page":"79","article-title":"Seroprevalence and Risk Factor Assessment of Bovine Tuberculosis in Crossbred Cattle of Chattogram Metropolitan Area, Bangladesh","volume":"5","author":"Chakraborty P.","year":"2020","journal-title":"Tradition Modernity Vet Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","first-page":"1244","article-title":"Seroprevalence, Associated Risk Factors and Economic Importance of Bovine Tuberculosis in Red Chittagong Cattle in Two Selected Upazillas of Chittagong district, Bangladesh","volume":"7","author":"Chakraborty P.","year":"2015","journal-title":"Wayamba Journal of Animal Science"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tube.2006.03.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/inpract.25.10.606"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/ijs.0.02401-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-022-12665-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens10081054"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/904861"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002417"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1863-2378.2009.01233.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4161\/viru.22329"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1130426100"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-016-0705-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-5877(95)00548-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11250-010-9777-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_26_1","volume-title":"Animal Production and Health Commission for Asia and the Pacific and Food and Agriculture Organization (APHCA\u2010FAO) Publication on Smallholder Dairy Development: Lessons Learned in Asia","author":"Haque S. A. M.","year":"2009"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2024\/3653654"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.163.12.357"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e24998"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11250-007-9126-x"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_11_31_1","first-page":"362","article-title":"Sero\u2010Prevalence and Associated Risk Factors of Avian Influenza Virus Infection in Backyard Chicken at Sylhet Region, Bangladesh","volume":"13","author":"Islam M. T.","year":"2024","journal-title":"International Journal of Veterinary Science"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0241717"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.33.1.33-36.1995"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_34_1","volume-title":"Sample Size Determination in Health Studies: A Practical Manual","author":"Lwanga S. K.","year":"1991"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3329\/bjvm.v12i2.21276"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2019.04.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1090-0233(00)90482-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/23311932.2023.2241274"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.187.18.6386-6395.2005"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_11_40_1","first-page":"2","article-title":"Prevalence of Bovine Tuberculosis (BTB) in Cattle Using Antibody ELISA in Seven Counties of Kenya","volume":"33","author":"Muasya D. W.","year":"2018","journal-title":"Tanzania Veterinary Journal"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2008.03.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_42_1","volume-title":"OIE Terrestrial Manual, Chapter 2.4.7. Bovine Tuberculosis","author":"OIE (World Organization for Animal Health)","year":"2009"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_43_1","volume-title":"(Office International des Epizootics). OIE Terrestrial Manual. Chapter 3.4.6 Bovine Tuberculosis","author":"OIE","year":"2018"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_44_1","volume-title":"(Office International des Epizootics). Bovine Tuberculosis","author":"OIE","year":"2020"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473\u20103099(16)30139\u20106"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_46_1","first-page":"53","article-title":"The Prevalence of Bovine Tuberculosis in the Bangladesh Cattle Development Project","volume":"15","author":"Pharo H. J.","year":"1981","journal-title":"Bangladesh Veterinary Journal"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_47_1","first-page":"621","volume-title":"Veterinary Medicine \u2013 A Textbook of the Diseases of Cattle, Horses, Sheep, Pigs, and Goats","author":"Radostits O. M.","year":"2007"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01247-07"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3329\/bjvm.v6i2.2332"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2217\/fmb.14.139"},{"issue":"12","key":"e_1_2_11_51_1","first-page":"1536","article-title":"Human Tuberculosis due to Mycobacterium bovis and M. caprae in Spain, 2004\u20132007","volume":"13","author":"Rodr\u00edguez E.","year":"2009","journal-title":"The International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.63.10.884"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471.0307.2008.00433"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_11_54_1","first-page":"231","article-title":"Incidence of Bovine Tuberculosis and Its Effect on Certain Blood Indices in Dairy Cattle of Bangladesh","volume":"39","author":"Samad M. A.","year":"1986","journal-title":"Indian Journal of Dairy Science"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00480169.\/1995.35910"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2672.2004.02505.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17221\/1872-VETMED"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-025-04699-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.26480\/mahj.01.2022.01.04"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_11_60_1","first-page":"26","article-title":"Isolation of Mycobacterium bovis & M. tuberculosis From Cattle of some Farms in North India\u2010possible Relevance in human Health","volume":"128","author":"Srivastava K.","year":"2008","journal-title":"Indian Journal of Medical Research"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_61_1","first-page":"228","volume-title":"Veterinary Epidemiology","author":"Thrusfield M.","year":"2005"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2012.02.018"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_63_1","unstructured":"Milstien J..1996.Quality Control of Freeze\u2010Dried BCG Vaccine From Japan BCG Laboratory Tokyo Japan 1994\/1995.WHO Vaccine Supply and Quality."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.1.4.269"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2024.106266"},{"issue":"9","key":"e_1_2_11_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0203360","article-title":"The Prevalence of Brucellosis and Bovine Tuberculosis in Ruminants in Sidi Kacem Province, Morocco","volume":"13","author":"Yahyaoui A. H.","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"}],"container-title":["Veterinary Medicine and Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/vms3.70906","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/vms3.70906","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/vms3.70906","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T15:10:02Z","timestamp":1791904202000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/vms3.70906"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,30]]},"references-count":65,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/vms3.70906"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/vms3.70906","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{"has-review":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1002\/VMS3.70906\/v1\/review1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1002\/VMS3.70906\/v1\/review2","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1002\/VMS3.70906\/v1\/review3","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1002\/VMS3.70906\/v1\/decision1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["2053-1095","2053-1095"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2053-1095","type":"print"},{"value":"2053-1095","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,30]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-08-15","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-02-24","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-03-30","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e70906"}}