{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T15:47:27Z","timestamp":1791906447109,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,10]],"date-time":"2026-04-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775779200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,10]],"date-time":"2026-04-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775779200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Medicine &amp;amp; Sci"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Toxoplasmosis is the most prevalent zoonotic disease caused by\n                      <jats:italic>Toxoplasma gondii<\/jats:italic>\n                      , affecting warm\u2010blooded species such as birds, humans, and marine mammals. Wild birds contribute significantly to the spread of\n                      <jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic>\n                      through shared contact with other living organisms. Moreover, the consumption of wild bird meat is a potential source of infections in humans. This study aims to determine the seroprevalence of\n                      <jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic>\n                      antibodies in wild birds in the Lahore district of Punjab, Pakistan.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      One hundred and seventy\u2010six wild birds of 35 species were captured for blood collection from Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Data related to demography and epidemiology were collected on field proforma. Serum samples were tested for\n                      <jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic>\n                      antibodies using the latex agglutination test (LAT).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A total of 18 birds, representing 10.2% of the sample, tested positive for\n                      <jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic>\n                      antibodies. Of the bird species sampled, 40% (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 14) of bird species were found seropositive for\n                      <jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic>\n                      . Red\u2010wattled Lapwing and Indian silver bill had the highest prevalences (50%). A substantial difference (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2264 0.05) in antibodies of\n                      <jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic>\n                      prevalence was found between adults (28.6%) and juveniles (7.7%). birds, with no differences noted in other parameters based on chi\u2010square analysis. However, species, age, and locality were identified as potential risk variables for seropositivity of\n                      <jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic>\n                      based on binary logistic regression.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      This study presents evidence of widespread of\n                      <jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic>\n                      antibodies in wild birds captured in Lahore district. The findings will aid in developing effective strategies to control this disease in the study area.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Impacts<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:list list-type=\"bullet\">\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>\n                            This study found that over 10% of wild birds in Lahore, Pakistan, carry antibodies for\n                            <jats:italic>Toxoplasma gondii<\/jats:italic>\n                            , a parasite that can cause serious illness in humans and animals.\n                          <\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>Birds like lapwings and silver bills showed especially high antibody rates.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>Improved monitoring is needed to better understand risk dynamics in Pakistan.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                      <\/jats:list>\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/vms3.70907","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,10]],"date-time":"2026-04-10T14:55:14Z","timestamp":1775832914000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Seroprevalence and Risk Analysis of\n                    <i>Toxoplasma Gondii<\/i>\n                    in Wild Birds of District Lahore Punjab, Pakistan"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4281-2659","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shahzad","family":"Ali","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Wildlife Epidemiology and Molecular Microbiology Laboratory (One Health Research Group) Discipline of Zoology Department of Wildlife &amp; Ecology University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences  Pattoki Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fareeha","family":"Imran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wildlife Epidemiology and Molecular Microbiology Laboratory (One Health Research Group) Discipline of Zoology Department of Wildlife &amp; Ecology University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences  Pattoki Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abigail A.","family":"Lilak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"One Health Center of Excellence College of Public Health and Health Professions University of Florida  Gainesville Florida USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tooba","family":"Latif","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wildlife Epidemiology and Molecular Microbiology Laboratory (One Health Research Group) Discipline of Zoology Department of Wildlife &amp; Ecology University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences  Pattoki Pakistan"},{"name":"IIIinois Natural History Survey\u2010Prairie Research Institute University of Illinois at Urbana\u2010Champaign  Champaign Illinois USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2938-4549","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael E.","family":"von Fricken","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"One Health Center of Excellence College of Public Health and Health Professions University of Florida  Gainesville Florida USA"},{"name":"Department of Global and Community Health College of Public Health George Mason University  Fairfax Virginia USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muhammad","family":"Tayyub","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology University of Okara  Okara Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Usama","family":"Saeed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wildlife Epidemiology and Molecular Microbiology Laboratory (One Health Research Group) Discipline of Zoology Department of Wildlife &amp; Ecology University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences  Pattoki Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anam","family":"Iftikhar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences  Pattoki Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10393\u2010019\u201001405\u20107"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","first-page":"51","article-title":"Prevalence of Toxoplasma Gondii Antibodies in human Beings and Commensal Rodents Trapped From Lahore, Pakistan","volume":"22","author":"Ahmad M. 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