{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T15:47:12Z","timestamp":1791906432433,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,3]],"date-time":"2026-04-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775174400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,3]],"date-time":"2026-04-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775174400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Medicine &amp;amp; Sci"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Gastrointestinal (GI) parasitic infections are a common health concern in captive snakes, potentially affecting their well\u2010being. This study aimed to determine the prevalence and associated risk factors of helminth and protozoan infections in venomous and non\u2010venomous snakes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A total of 174 faecal samples were collected from venomous and non\u2010venomous captive snakes housed at the Venom Research Centre of Chattogram, Bangladesh, between September 2024 and January 2025. Venomous snakes were housed individually in climate\u2010controlled terrariums and received biannual deworming; faecal samples were collected six months post\u2010treatment. In contrast, non\u2010venomous snakes were not dewormed and were kept either individually in climate\u2010controlled terrariums or group\u2010housed in unregulated terrariums. All collected faecal samples underwent routine coproscopy to identify the eggs and oocysts of helminths and protozoan parasites.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Results demonstrated that the overall prevalence of GI parasitic infections was 39.1% (95% CI: 31.8\u201346.8). Helminths were significantly more prevalent (100%) than protozoa (8.8%). Non\u2010venomous snakes exhibited a higher prevalence of parasitic infections (70.8%) than venomous snakes (34%). Multiple infections were more common in non\u2010venomous snakes (76.5%) than in venomous snakes (47.1%). Nematodes were the most frequently detected helminths (91.2%), while Cestodes were found only in venomous snakes. Among venomous snakes,\n                      <jats:italic>Ophiophagus hannah<\/jats:italic>\n                      had the highest infection rate (66.7%), while among non\u2010venomous species,\n                      <jats:italic>Python molurus<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>Ptyas mucosa<\/jats:italic>\n                      showed the highest prevalence (80%). Risk factor analysis revealed that juveniles had significantly higher odds of infection (aOR\u00a0=\u00a02.55,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a00.005), while snakes housed in controlled terrariums had lower infection risks (aOR\u00a0=\u00a00.143,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a00.001).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study provides the first record of GI parasitic infections in venomous and non\u2010venomous captive snakes in Bangladesh, highlighting the need for regular monitoring and appropriate therapeutic measures to mitigate their impact.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/vms3.70926","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,3]],"date-time":"2026-04-03T12:27:06Z","timestamp":1775219226000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Prevalence of Gastrointestinal Parasitic Infections in Captive Snakes, Bangladesh"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-1622-8243","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nazmul","family":"Hasan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology and Parasitology Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University  Chattogram Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-5886-7342","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sahriar","family":"Islam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology and Parasitology Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University  Chattogram Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-7333-3047","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mahmudur","family":"Rahman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology and Parasitology Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University  Chattogram Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-1113-608X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abdul","family":"Auawal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Venom Research Centre Chittagong Medical College  Chattogram Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3054-1783","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Md. Mizanur","family":"Rahman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Venom Research Centre Chittagong Medical College  Chattogram Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2308-218X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammed","family":"Noman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Venom Research Centre Chittagong Medical College  Chattogram Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5350-374X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abdullah Abu","family":"Sayeed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Venom Research Centre Chittagong Medical College  Chattogram Bangladesh"},{"name":"Department of Medicine Chittagong Medical College  Chattogram Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3945-6801","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammad Abdul","family":"Alim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology and Parasitology Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University  Chattogram Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5897\/JVMAH2014.0336"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17420\/ap6402.144"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3329\/jom.v24i2.67278"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2478\/s11686-019-00145-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/parasitologia3040032"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_12_7_1","first-page":"141","article-title":"Dietary Patterns of Two Sympatric Mediterranean Snakes (Hierophis viridiflavus and Zamenis longissimus) Along a Gradient of Habitat Alteration","volume":"18","author":"Capizzi D.","year":"2008","journal-title":"Herpetological Journal"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1638\/2016-0279R1.1"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_12_9_1","first-page":"39","article-title":"Parasites in Snakes of Thailand","volume":"38","author":"Chaiyabutr N.","year":"2002","journal-title":"Bulletin of the Maryland Herpetological Society"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/S1984-29612014032"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_11_1","volume-title":"Reptile Medicine and Surgery\u2014E\u2010Book: Reptile Medicine and Surgery\u2014E\u2010Book","author":"Divers S. 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