{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T13:16:45Z","timestamp":1787923005580,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,16]],"date-time":"2026-07-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784160000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":15,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Medicine &amp; Sci"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Exogenous testosterone therapy induces testicular oxidative stress and inflammation, suppressing spermatogenesis. Chronic restraint and high\u2010intensity exercise stress exacerbate reproductive dysfunction. Quercetin (Qu) and black seed oil (BSO) possess potent antioxidant and anti\u2010inflammatory properties.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study evaluates the efficacy of Qu\u2010loaded BSO (Qu\u2010BSO) nanoemulsion in mitigating testosterone\u2010induced testicular damage in rats subjected to exercise and restraint stress, as well as to testosterone and finasteride administration.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A Qu\u2010BSO nanoemulsion was prepared and characterized. Thirty\u2010six male Wistar rats were divided into six groups (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a06): control (C), testosterone (T) at 20\u00a0mg\/kg weekly via subcutaneous injection, testosterone\u00a0+\u00a0finasteride (TF) at 1\u00a0mg\/kg 5 days a week, testosterone\u00a0+\u00a0high\u2010intensity treadmill exercise (TE) for 50\u00a0min daily, testosterone\u00a0+\u00a0chronic restraint stress (TI) for 3\u00a0h daily and testosterone\u00a0+\u00a0Qu\u2010BSO (TQBSNE) for 6 weeks. Serum testosterone, LH, testicular antioxidants (SOD, CAT and GPx), lipid peroxidation (MDA), inflammatory cytokines (TNF\u2010\u03b1 and IL\u20101\u03b2 mRNA), and histopathology were assessed.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The T, TF and TI groups exhibited significant testicular damage with elevated oxidative stress and inflammation. The T and TF groups exhibited the highest serum testosterone. TE showed partial protection. The TQBSNE treatment group provided superior protection, with significantly higher SOD, CAT and GPx activities, the lowest MDA levels and reduced TNF\u2010\u03b1 and IL\u20101\u03b2 expression. TQBSNE also partially restored LH levels.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The high\u2010intensity exercise group showed a partial protective effect. Chronic restraint stress exacerbated testicular damage caused by testosterone. Qu\u2010BSO nanoemulsion effectively counteracted testosterone\u2010induced testicular damage through antioxidant and anti\u2010inflammatory mechanisms, representing a promising therapeutic strategy.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/vms3.70984","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]],"date-time":"2026-07-17T04:55:57Z","timestamp":1784264157000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The Combination of\n                    <i>Nigella sativa<\/i>\n                    Oil\u2010Based Nanoemulsion and Quercetin Alleviates Oxidative Stress From Exogenous Testosterone Through Antioxidant and Anti\u2010Inflammatory Mechanisms in Rats"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-8962-6978","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Majid","family":"Najafi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Basic Sciences Science and Research Branch Islamic Azad University  Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2261-3388","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Negar","family":"Panahi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Basic Sciences Science and Research Branch Islamic Azad University  Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saeed","family":"Hesaraki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Pathobiology Science and Research Branch Islamic Azad University  Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0600-6182","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ghasem","family":"Akbari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences Science and Research Branch Islamic Azad University  Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","first-page":"1419","article-title":"Testosterone Therapy: Injectable Androgens","volume":"10","author":"Abdallah H.","year":"2025","journal-title":"Journal of Urology and Renal Diseases"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hermed.2020.100404"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biom15010151"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10876-022-02351-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.01647"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12610-016-0029-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/apjtb.apjtb_448_24"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_9_1","first-page":"1065","article-title":"Protective and Antioxidant Effects of Quercetin Loaded Black Cumin (Nigella sativa L) Seed Oil\u2010Based Nanoemulsion in Testosterone\u2010Induced Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia: An Experimental Study","volume":"79","author":"Jafari A.","year":"2024","journal-title":"Archives of Razi Institute"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11010-017-3014-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.33549\/physiolres.934585"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xfnr.2020.11.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2014.02.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ph15010070"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hermed.2015.03.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2023.04.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.38029\/babcockuniv.med.j..v7i1.380"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beem.2015.04.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ucl.2016.01.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00210-024-03722-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2025.04.036"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tox.2023.153518"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2021.622292"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/21565562.2014.996025"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sxmr.2018.11.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2023.09.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_27_1","first-page":"5","article-title":"Aqueous Extract of Nigella sativa Seeds Suppresses Testicular Steroidogenesis in Mice Leydig Cells In Vitro","volume":"12","author":"Saeed S. 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