{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T17:14:58Z","timestamp":1792516498578,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":218,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,11]],"date-time":"2026-05-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778457600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":10,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777593600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Medicine &amp;amp; Sci"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Eimeria<\/jats:italic>\n                    spp. are major protozoan parasites of cattle, causing coccidiosis with substantial economic and animal health impacts worldwide. This study systematically reviewed and meta\u2010analysed the global prevalence, species distribution and associated risk factors of\n                    <jats:italic>Eimeria<\/jats:italic>\n                    spp. in cattle. Various international databases were searched from inception to 16 April 2025. Eligible studies reported extractable prevalence data for naturally infected cattle. Pooled prevalence was estimated using a random\u2010effects model, with heterogeneity assessed by\n                    <jats:italic>I<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    statistic. Subgroup analyses were conducted by publication year, continent, country and sample size. Age\u2010 and sex\u2010specific data were analysed descriptively due to missing denominators. Genetic diversity and seasonal patterns were summarized descriptively. Meta\u2010regression evaluated sample size, annual precipitation, publication year and national cattle population. Sensitivity analysis and funnel plot (Egger's test) assessed robustness and publication bias. A total of 203 studies including 133,740 cattle from 55 countries were analysed. The global pooled prevalence of\n                    <jats:italic>Eimeria<\/jats:italic>\n                    spp. in cattle was 33.6% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 29.6%\u201337.8%), with substantial heterogeneity (\n                    <jats:italic>I<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    \u00a0=\u00a099.4%). Prevalence ranged from 27.1% (2012\u20132018) to 40.8% (\u22642011), 29.5% in Asia to 67.4% in Central America and 1% (Macedonia) to 94.2% (Costa Rica), though some national estimates were based on single studies. Calves &lt;1 year accounted for the highest proportion of positives (56.3%, 95% CI: 46.2\u201365.8), and females showed higher infection rates (66.7%, 95% CI: 61.7\u201371.4). Infections peaked during warm and humid periods. Sixteen\n                    <jats:italic>Eimeria<\/jats:italic>\n                    species were identified in cattle;\n                    <jats:italic>E. bovis<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>E. zuernii<\/jats:italic>\n                    predominated, followed by\n                    <jats:italic>E. auburnensis<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>E. ellipsoidalis<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>E. cylindrica<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>E. alabamensis<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Sensitivity analyses confirmed estimate stability. Meta\u2010regression identified sample size as the only significant predictor, explaining 4% of heterogeneity. Publication bias was detected (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u00a0&lt;\u00a00.05).\n                    <jats:italic>Eimeria<\/jats:italic>\n                    infection imposes a substantial global burden in cattle, particularly among calves and females. Although sample size influenced reported prevalence, marked heterogeneity persists. Standardized reporting and geographically balanced studies are needed to better inform global coccidiosis control strategies.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/vms3.70991","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,11]],"date-time":"2026-05-11T15:25:36Z","timestamp":1778513136000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["<i>Eimeria<\/i>\n                    spp. in Cattle: A Global Systematic Review and Meta\u2010Analysis"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Laya","family":"Shamsi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Pathobiology SR.C., Islamic Azad University  Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0185-2438","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ali","family":"Pouryousef","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Leishmaniasis Research Center Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences  Sabzevar Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9262-0332","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammad Reza","family":"Mohammadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bacteriology Faculty of Medical Sciences Tarbiat Modares University  Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mostafa","family":"Omidian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Skin Diseases and Leishmaniasis Research Center Isfahan University of Medical Sciences  Isfahan Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2636-0824","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Milad","family":"Badri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Microbiology Research Center Qazvin University of Medical Sciences  Qazvin Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oskar","family":"Nowak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Human Biology and Evolution Faculty of Biology Adam Mickiewicz University  Poznan Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4005-2687","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ali","family":"Asghari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Basic Medical Sciences Khoy University of Medical Sciences  Khoy Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","first-page":"800","article-title":"An Evaluation of the Prevalence of Giardia Spp., Cryptosporidium Spp. and Eimeria Spp. in Dairy Cattle on Sixteen Farms in Three Regions at North\u2010Eastern Algeria","volume":"400","author":"Abbas A. 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