{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T15:46:52Z","timestamp":1791906412523,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,21]],"date-time":"2026-05-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779321600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":20,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777593600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003121","name":"Ferdowsi University of Mashhad","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003121","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Medicine &amp; Sci"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"abstract":"ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n \n Background<\/jats:title>\n \n Trichomonosis is one of the most common gastrointestinal infections found in pigeons worldwide. Although many studies in Iran have examined the prevalence of\n Trichomonas gallinae<\/jats:italic>\n infections in pigeons and various bird species, there have been relatively few studies investigating the genotypes of this protozoan.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Objectives<\/jats:title>\n \n The purpose of this study was to examine\n T. gallinae<\/jats:italic>\n infection in pigeons in the Mashhad area, Iran, using parasitological, pathological and genetic methods.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n \n Between April and July 2022, a total of one hundred oral swabs were gathered for microscopic, culture and molecular analysis. Additionally, deceased pigeons were transported to the laboratory for necropsy and histopathological examinations. Sequence analysis was performed on five polymerase chain reaction (PCR) products from\n T. gallinae<\/jats:italic>\n based on the amplification of the\n ITS1\/5.8S\/ITS2<\/jats:italic>\n gene to identify their genotype.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n Out of 100 collected samples,\n T. gallinae<\/jats:italic>\n infection was detected in 50 samples using microscopic examinations, culture and PCR methods. Among the infected pigeons, 49 exhibited no clinical symptoms, whereas only one pigeon presented with severe clinical symptoms and ultimately succumbed to the illness. The macroscopic assessment revealed the presence of yellow caseous necrotic material in the oral cavity and pharynx. Histopathological analysis demonstrated infiltration of mononuclear cells and hyperaemia within the mucosal tissues of the oral cavity and oesophagus and crop, additionally, necrotic lesions and hyperaemia were identified in the liver. The sequencing and phylogenetic examination of the internal transcribed spacer (\n ITS<\/jats:italic>\n ) region from five isolates in this study reveal a distinct lineage of\n T. gallinae<\/jats:italic>\n present in pigeons located in the Mashhad area.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n \n The study results indicated a high prevalence of\n T. gallinae<\/jats:italic>\n infection in pigeons, and for the first time, a distinct lineage of\n T. gallinae<\/jats:italic>\n from pigeons in Iran was documented.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/vms3.71004","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,21]],"date-time":"2026-05-21T11:14:36Z","timestamp":1779362076000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Prevalence and Genotyping of\n Trichomonas gallinae<\/i>\n in Pigeons in the Mashhad Area, Khorasan Razavi Province, Iran"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Zahra","family":"Hajiannejad","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Ferdowsi University of Mashhad Mashhad Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4035-1118","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hossein","family":"Nourani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Ferdowsi University of Mashhad Mashhad Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0754-1278","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gholamreza","family":"Razmi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Ferdowsi University of Mashhad Mashhad Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.22092\/ari.2018.116619"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.32592\/ARI.2024.79.3.445"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1637\/0005-2086-64.2.130"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_5_1","first-page":"12","article-title":"Prevalence and Pathology of Trichomoniasis in Free\u2010Living Urban Pigeons in the City of Mosul, Iraq","volume":"4","author":"Al\u2010Sadi H. 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