{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T12:19:12Z","timestamp":1787919552392,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,28]],"date-time":"2026-05-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779926400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,28]],"date-time":"2026-05-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779926400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002383","name":"King Saud University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002383","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Medicine &amp; Sci"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background and Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) remains a significant public health concern in endemic regions of Pakistan, particularly in ecologically diverse and resource\u2010limited areas. This study aimed to investigate the epidemiology, risk factors, lesion characteristics, seasonal trends and spatial distribution of CL in District Bajaur, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A cross\u2010sectional observational study was conducted in 2022, including clinically suspected and laboratory\u2010confirmed CL cases from all nine tehsils of District Bajaur. Demographic information, lesion characteristics (site, type and number), season of presentation and regional distribution were collected using a structured questionnaire. Statistical analyses included univariate and multivariate logistic regression, multinomial regression, Poisson regression, stratified analyses and interaction modelling. Spatial clustering was evaluated using\n                      <jats:italic>Z<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2010scores, Moran's\n                      <jats:italic>I<\/jats:italic>\n                      statistics and GIS\u2010based risk mapping.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>CL prevalence was significantly higher among males, younger individuals, unmarried participants and during the summer season. Lesions were predominantly located on exposed body parts, especially the hands and face, with dry lesions and single\u2010lesion presentations being most common. Multivariate analysis identified male gender, younger age, unmarried status, summer season, dry lesion type and single lesions as independent risk factors. Stratified and interaction analyses indicated an elevated risk among young males during the summer. Spatial analysis revealed significant clustering of cases, with Khar, Loe Mamund and Salarzai identified as high\u2010risk tehsils. A clinician\u2010friendly risk scoring system was developed to estimate individual infection probability.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>CL in District Bajaur is influenced by a complex interaction of demographic, clinical, seasonal and spatial factors. These findings emphasize the importance of targeted surveillance, vector control strategies and risk\u2010based interventions to reduce disease burden in endemic regions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/vms3.71006","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,28]],"date-time":"2026-05-28T13:02:27Z","timestamp":1779973347000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Ruminants Epidemiology, Spatial Clustering and Multivariate Risk Modelling of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in District Bajaur, Pakistan"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Murad Ali","family":"Khan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Sciences Faculty of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Sciences The University of Agriculture  Peshawar Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jawad","family":"Ali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Sciences Faculty of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Sciences The University of Agriculture  Peshawar Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zohaib","family":"Ali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Sciences Faculty of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Sciences The University of Agriculture  Peshawar Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdur","family":"Rehman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Sciences Faculty of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Sciences The University of Agriculture  Peshawar Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muhammad","family":"Shoib","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Sciences Faculty of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Sciences The University of Agriculture  Peshawar Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sadaf","family":"Fayaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Sciences Faculty of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Sciences The University of Agriculture  Peshawar Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0924-0479","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rifat Ullah","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Sciences Faculty of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Sciences The University of Agriculture  Peshawar Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shabana","family":"Naz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Zoology Government College University  Faisalabad Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-8478-091X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Naseer Khan","family":"Momand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Nangarhar  Jalalabad Afghanistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonella","family":"Perillo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna  Bologna Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ibrahim A.","family":"Alhidary","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Production College of Food and Agriculture Science King Saud University Riyadh Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.adengl.2020.09.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2011\/359145"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.14874"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.14\u20100747"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40257\u2010014\u20100100\u20100"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40257\u2010022\u201000701\u20100"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2017.02.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2401.161493"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1645\/21\u201038"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/00469580251344057"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e04812"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2004.06.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0317576"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/reveh\u20102020\u20100073"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436\u2010024\u201007920\u20107"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/socsci11100490"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_18_1","volume-title":"Leishmania Parasites\u2013Epidemiology, Immunopathology and Hosts","author":"Rafique A.","year":"2023"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2013.07.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0738\u2010081X(99)00040\u20102"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2024.10.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.19\u20100640"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436\u2010019\u201006576\u2010w"}],"container-title":["Veterinary Medicine and Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/vms3.71006","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/vms3.71006","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/vms3.71006","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T12:15:46Z","timestamp":1787919346000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/vms3.71006"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,28]]},"references-count":22,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/vms3.71006"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/vms3.71006","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2053-1095","2053-1095"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2053-1095","type":"print"},{"value":"2053-1095","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,28]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2026-01-19","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-05-07","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-05-28","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e71006"}}