{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T12:19:09Z","timestamp":1787919549365,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782777600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782777600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009374","name":"Pakistan Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009374","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Medicine &amp; Sci"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Clostridium perfringens<\/jats:italic>\n                    is classified into different types, of which Type D, due to its production of epsilon toxin, can cause enterotoxemia, a fatal disease in ruminants, particularly goats. This study investigated the prevalence, isolation, molecular identification, antibiotic resistance and therapeutic response of\n                    <jats:italic>C. perfringens<\/jats:italic>\n                    Type D in goats from the Peshawar and Charsadda districts of Pakistan. A total of 5000 faecal samples (2500 from each district) were collected from clinically suspected goats and cultured on selective media. Molecular confirmation was performed by PCR targeting the epsilon toxin (\n                    <jats:italic>etx<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) gene. Antibiotic susceptibility was assessed via the Kirby\u2013Bauer disc diffusion method. Clinico\u2010therapeutic trials were conducted on 60 affected goats divided into control, parenteral and enteral treatment groups. The prevalence was 400\/2500 (16%) in Peshawar and 300\/2500 (12%) in Charsadda, with peak occurrences during spring and winter. Isolates showed complete resistance to gentamicin and high resistance to tetracycline and amoxicillin but were largely susceptible to teicoplanin, sulphamethoxazole and trimethoprim. Parenteral antibiotic therapy resulted in significantly higher recovery (80%) than enteral treatment (30%) (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u00a0&lt;\u00a00.05). Risk factors included adult age, female sex, forage\u2010based feeding and large flock size. These findings underscore the importance of seasonal management, judicious antimicrobial use and vaccination for effective control of\n                    <jats:italic>C. perfringens<\/jats:italic>\n                    Type D in goats.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/vms3.71016","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T08:38:32Z","timestamp":1782808712000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Seasonal Prevalence, Molecular Identification and Therapeutic Management of Enterotoxemia Caused by\n                    <i>Clostridium perfringens<\/i>\n                    Type D in Goats of Peshawar and Charsadda Districts, Pakistan"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Inam Ul","family":"Haq","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Animal Husbandry &amp; Veterianry Sciences The University of Agriculture  Peshawar Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haq Aman","family":"Ullah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Animal Husbandry &amp; Veterianry Sciences The University of Agriculture  Peshawar Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muqadar","family":"Shah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Animal Husbandry &amp; Veterianry Sciences The University of Agriculture  Peshawar Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0924-0479","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rifat Ullah","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Animal Husbandry &amp; Veterianry Sciences The University of Agriculture  Peshawar Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shabana","family":"Naz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Zoology Government College University  Faisalabad Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonella","family":"Perillo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Precision and Ionian Air Medicine (Dimepre\u2010j) Section of Veterinary Pathological and Comparative Oncological Anatomy Aldo Moro University Valenzano\u2010Bari  Bari Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6845-3418","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sohail","family":"Ahmad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma\u2010Mater, Studiorum University of Bologna  Bologna Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ibrahim A.","family":"Alhidary","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Production College of Food and Agriculture Sciences King Saud University  Riyadh Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17582\/journal.jahp\/2025\/13.3.803.811"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/9781555819804.ch21"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.17.3.450-457.1983"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcp\/45.4_ts.493"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.47278\/journal.ijvs\/2024.172"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.35495\/ajab.2023.313"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/MMBR.65.2.232-260.2001"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.35495\/ajab.2023.327"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.47278\/journal.ijvs\/2024.167"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.66553\/japr.2024.23"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18805\/ijar.Bf\u20101483"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2022.849856"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4172\/2157-7579.1000361"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smallrumres.2019.02.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17582\/journal.pjz\/2020.52.1.107.114"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drup.2023.100961"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.35495\/ajab.2023.213"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/0-387-30744-3_22"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17582\/journal.jahp\/2025\/13.3.649.653"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins12100657"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.47278\/journal.ijvs\/2024.190"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_23_1","first-page":"492","article-title":"Molecular Detection of Clostridium perfringens Type D Alpha and Epsilon Toxin Genes From Various Tissues in Lambs","volume":"33","author":"Nasir A. 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